RobotCombatWiki - User contributions [en]

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

2026-10-17T23:34:43Z

RobotRobot: Fix rev number in last row

This page tracks every wiki page '''RobotRobot''' (Claude, an AI editing assistant working for the wiki owner) has created or updated as part of the 2026 content refresh, so the edits can be reviewed. Each row links to the page and to the exact change. All edits are also listed at [[Special:Contributions/RobotRobot]].

To undo any change, open its diff link and use "undo" (or edit the page history).

==Planned work==
'''Done''' (see the log below):
* Refreshed: [[3D Printing]], [[Safety]], [[Wheels]], [[Tournament Brackets]], [[Melty Brain]], [[Insect Class Motors]], [[Radio List]], [[Suppliers]], [[Robots]], and smaller updates to many others.
* New pages: [[Glossary]], [[Spinner Design]], [[Armor and Materials]], [[Fabrication Services]], [[Self-Righting]], [[LiPo Battery Safety]], [[Failsafes]], [[Drive Systems]], [[Multibots, Walkers and Shufflers]], [[Robot Combat History and TV]], [[Pit Kit and Event Checklist]], [[Driving Practice]], [[Fasteners and Hardware]], [[Wiring and Soldering]], [[CAD for Combat Robots]], [[Weight Management]], [[Running an Event]], [[Combat Robotics in Schools and Universities]], [[Fairyweight]], [[Antweight]], [[Beetleweight]], [[Hobbyweight]], [[Featherweight]].
* Link check: all 871 external links on the wiki were checked in October 2026, and the dead ones were fixed or removed. (Facebook links and some store and wiki sites block automated checks; those were verified in a browser or left alone.)

'''Open questions for editors'''
* [[Tournament Brackets]]: the "Ante Up" format needs a description.

==Log==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date !! Page !! Change !! Description !! Diff
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[3D Printing]] || Updated || Updated printer tiers and prices for 2026; added PCTG, ASA, PEBA, carbon-fiber nylon details, resin and new design tips; noted Plastic class material limits. Checked all 179 design and part links: removed 6 dead designs, fixed 3 mislabeled entries, moved PrusaPrinters links to Printables. (Newly found designs to follow in a separate edit.) || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=958 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Glossary]] || Created || New page defining about 90 common robot combat terms (weapon types, weight classes, electronics, match rules), linking to the relevant wiki pages. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=961 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Main Page]] || Updated || Added a link to the new Glossary under Getting Started. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=962 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Spinner Design]] || Created || New page on spinner physics: stored energy and moment of inertia, tip speed, bite (with a worked example), spin-up, gyroscopic effects, drive options and weapon construction, with links to calculators. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=965 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Weapons]] || Updated || Added a pointer from the Spinning weapons section to the new Spinner Design page. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=966 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Fabrication Services]] || Created || New page listing online cutting, machining and printing services (SendCutSend, OSH Cut, Xometry, Ponoko, JLCPCB/PCBWay) and material suppliers, with what each offers and tips for ordering parts. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=969 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Armor and Materials]] || Created || New page on materials for frames, armor, wedges and weapons (plastics, aluminum alloys, titanium grades, AR and tool steels, composites), hardness vs. toughness, armor design ideas and weight-class notes. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=970 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Self-Righting]] || Created || New page on invertible designs and self-righting mechanisms (weapon-based, dedicated, shape-based, gyro), why it matters under the SPARC knock-out rule, common ways to get stuck and design tips. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=974 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[3D Printing]] || Updated || Added 129 newly found printable robot designs (mostly 2023–2026, from Printables, MakerWorld, Thingiverse, Cults3D and GitHub), every link checked; tables now list 266 designs, sorted. Added a 'Finding more designs' section with curated collections. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=976 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Safety]] || Updated || Built out the empty safety hub following the outline already on the page: key safety habits, a table linking each topic to detailed pages, event safety, and links to SPARC, NHRL, FRA and other guides. Kept the existing image and video. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=980 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[LiPo Battery Safety]] || Created || New page on LiPo voltages, charging, storage, damaged and puffy packs, disposal, what to do in a fire (per SPARC and fire-safety guidance) and 2026 FAA air-travel rules. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=978 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Failsafes]] || Created || New page on radio failsafes: SPARC v1.7, NHRL and FRA requirements, hold vs. no-pulses vs. set-position, setup notes for ExpressLRS, FlySky and Spektrum, a test procedure and common mistakes. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=979 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Batteries]] || Updated || Linked the new LiPo Battery Safety page, softened the 'never use water' fire advice to match current guidance, and updated the air-travel note to the 2026 FAA rules. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=981 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Radios]] || Updated || Added a link to the new Failsafes page. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=982 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Wheels]] || Updated || Built out the empty page following its existing outline: why wheels matter, foam and molded wheels (current products), casting your own tires, hubs and mounting, size and clearance, arena floors, protecting wheels and common failures. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=989 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Drive Systems]] || Created || New page on tank steering, 2WD/4WD/6WD layouts, belts, gears and friction drive, typical motors for each weight class (2026), gearing and speed math with worked examples, and protecting the drive. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=988 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Melty Brain]] || Updated || Kept the existing content and added how meltybrains work, Open Melt 2 hardware, tuning and heading-drift challenges, verified notable meltybrains (Tesla's Tornado, Melty B, Nuts 2, Project LiftOff) and NHRL/BattleBots rules. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=992 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Multibots, Walkers and Shufflers]] || Created || New page explaining multibot rules (SPARC 51%-of-mass knock-out, NHRL weight bonus and segment rules), SPARC and NHRL walker/shuffler definitions and bonuses, what counts as walking, and verified notable examples. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=994 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Main Page]] || Updated || Added a Design and Building section (Drive Systems, Armor and Materials, Spinner Design, Self-Righting, Multibots, Melty Brain, Fabrication Services) and links to Safety and Robot Combat History and TV. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=997 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Robot Combat History and TV]] || Created || New page with a sourced timeline of robot combat (Robot Wars, BattleBots, NHRL and more), summaries of the major TV shows including the 2026 BattleBots Pro League, and today's leagues and events. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=996 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Driving Practice]] || Created || New page with practice drills, helpful radio settings (trims, rates, expo, invert), general strategy against common robot types, arena awareness and driving for the judges. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1000 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Pit Kit and Event Checklist]] || Created || New page with a pre-event safety checklist, what to bring (essentials, spares, tools), how registration and safety inspection work, a typical event day, pit etiquette and NHRL notes. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1001 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Fasteners and Hardware]] || Created || New page on screw sizes, head styles and materials, threads in metal, UHMW and printed parts, nyloc nuts and threadlocker (including plastic-safe options), weapon shafts, bearings and collars, and where to buy. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1004 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Wiring and Soldering]] || Created || New page with a typical insect-class wiring layout, wire gauge guidance, layout and protection, soldering tips, and SPARC/NHRL rules for switches, power lights and fuses. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1005 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[CAD for Combat Robots]] || Created || New page comparing Onshape, Fusion, FreeCAD, SOLIDWORKS for Makers, Shapr3D and Tinkercad (license terms checked October 2026), a typical design workflow, and CAD tips for combat robots. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1006 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[GettingStarted]] || Updated || Added links to the new Drive Systems, Wheels, Armor and Materials, Fasteners, Wiring, CAD, Driving Practice and Pit Kit pages in the relevant sections; checked its guide links (all live). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1010 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Main Page]] || Updated || Added Pit Kit and Event Checklist and Driving Practice under Getting Started, and Fasteners, Wiring and CAD pages under Design and Building. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1011 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Tournament Brackets]] || Updated || Kept the original lists and added how to choose a format (with SPARC standards), descriptions of each bracket tool (adding TrueFinals and start.gg) and each bracket type. 'Ante Up' left for someone who knows the format to describe. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1014 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Insect Class Motors]] || Updated || Built out the motor table as the page's note asked: fixed the broken N20 row and added current brushed and brushless gearmotors from FingerTech, Pololu, Repeat Robotics and Just Cuz with links and vendor specs; added a short section on protecting motors. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1016 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Weight Management]] || Created || New page on SPARC and NHRL weight rules and re-weighs, planning a weight budget, ways to save weight, and making weight at events; linked from the Main Page. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1018 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Robots]] || Updated || Fixed broken link syntax (double-bracketed external links), turned RobotCombatEvents.com and BuildersDB into links, and used internal links for weight classes and the team pages. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1022 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Running an Event]] || Created || New organizer's guide to hosting a local insect-class event: rules and classes, building or buying an arena, venues, safety equipment, insurance and waivers, registration and fees (RobotCombatEvents.com, RCE Manager), event-day roles and safety inspection. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1024 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Events]] || Updated || Linked the new Running an Event guide from the hosting section. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1025 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Combat Robotics in Schools and Universities]] || Created || New page on the National Robotics League and other school programs, school-friendly classes and kits, verified university clubs and events, and a step-by-step guide to starting a club; linked from the Main Page with Running an Event. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1028 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Radio List]] || Updated || Rechecked every radio for 2026: fixed swapped NB4/DX5 Pro receivers and wrong receiver weights, replaced the dead DX5 Pro link with the 2021 model, moved the DX6i, Taranis Q X7 and Turnigy Evolution to the legacy table, added ExpressLRS radios (RadioMaster range), a receiver table, all-in-one boards (Malenki, Catalyst) and protocol notes. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1031 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Fairyweight]] || Created || New Fairyweight class page: SPARC/UK/NHRL rules and weight bonuses, typical motors, batteries and materials, arena requirements, current kits (October 2026), where the class is fought. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1033 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Antweight]] || Created || New Antweight class page: SPARC/UK/NHRL rules and weight bonuses, typical motors, batteries and materials, arena requirements, current kits (October 2026), where the class is fought. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1034 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Beetleweight]] || Created || New Beetleweight class page: SPARC/UK/NHRL rules and weight bonuses, typical motors, batteries and materials, arena requirements, current kits (October 2026), where the class is fought, and verified NHRL world champions 2021–2025. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1035 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Hobbyweight]] || Created || New Hobbyweight class page: SPARC/UK/NHRL rules and weight bonuses, typical motors, batteries and materials, arena requirements, current kits (October 2026), where the class is fought, and verified NHRL world champions 2021–2025. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1036 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Featherweight]] || Created || New Featherweight class page: SPARC/UK/NHRL rules and weight bonuses, typical motors, batteries and materials, arena requirements, current kits (October 2026), where the class is fought, and verified NHRL world champions 2021–2025. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1038 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[RobotClasses]] || Updated || Linked the class names in the weight class table to the new Fairyweight, Antweight, Beetleweight, Hobbyweight and Featherweight pages (also linked from the Main Page). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1039 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[GettingStarted]] || Updated || Fixed 3 dead guide links: NZ getting-started guide (moved), RioBotz Combot Tutorial (now on riobotz.com), Witch Doctor Junior video series (now the team's YouTube playlist). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1047 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Motors]] || Updated || Fixed dead motor links: updated Rectified Robotics, FingerTech Mega Spark and Repeat Mini links to current products; replaced the Nuts & Bots N10 link with FingerTech's N10; removed closed or unlisted stores (KitBots gearmotor, OwObotics, RobotMatter). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1048 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Kits]] || Updated || Updated the FingerTech Viper (now v3) and Repeat Peter Bar Kit links; removed kits that are discontinued or whose makers have closed (Betz Botz NE2.7, Black Frost, BotKits MW1, Endbots Vector, OwObotics Donkey, Smeetleweight, Kiwi Exile). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1049 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[NameThatPart]] || Updated || Fixed broken G10 link syntax and pointed the dead G10/FR4 material page to an archived copy. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1050 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Plastic Antweights]] || Updated || Replaced the dead Prusa PLA tech sheet link with Prusament's current PLA material page. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1051 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Connectors]] || Updated || Removed a link to a Team Malice connector guide that no longer exists anywhere (not archived). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1052 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Suppliers]] || Updated || Removed closed stores (Micro Malice Store, OwObotics – now a Sheffield event site); added Pololu and Team Whyachi; linked the new Fabrication Services and Fasteners pages. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1053 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Local Groups]] || Updated || Updated Oregon State Combat Robotics to its current club page, pointed Robot Riot to an archived copy (its site is offline), and removed Bot Blast, which retired after 2018. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1054 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Switches]] || Updated || Updated the Team Whyachi switch link to their current shop. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1055 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Speed Reduction]] || Updated || Updated the Robotic Legends speed tutorial link (site moved from .org to .com). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1056 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[RobotCommunity]] || updated || Checked all 70 links. Fixed four YouTube entries that pointed to the wrong channel (removing two with no findable channel), updated renamed channels, marked channels with no uploads in 2+ years, removed a dead Kilobots Facebook page, and added a Discord server plus new Podcasts and Wikis sections. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1068 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[RobotCommunity]] || updated || Checked the remaining Facebook groups while logged in: all are live except the Combat Robotics NZ group, which Facebook says is no longer available, so it now links to the Combat Robotics NZ website. Also renamed the Brushless group and clarified that the Midwest Discord is members-only. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1070 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[RobotCommunity]] || updated || Removed the 'no new uploads' notes on inactive channels and other activity notes, leaving just the corrected names and links. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1072 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[ExpressLRS and EdgeTX Setup]] || created || New step-by-step guide to setting up an ExpressLRS radio running EdgeTX for a combat robot: firmware version matching (ELRS 4.x vs 3.x), binding, one model per robot, drive mixing, rates and expo, the weapon channel, packet rate, setting and testing the PWM receiver failsafe, Model Match, and common problems. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1074 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[ESC Firmware]] || created || New page explaining brushless ESC firmware for robots: BLHeli, BLHeli_S, Bluejay (DShot only, so not for normal receivers), the discontinued BLHeli_32, and AM32; which chips run which; configurator tools and programmers; the settings that matter for robots; flashing safely; and a table of robot ESCs with the firmware they ship with. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1076 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[What Your First Robot Costs]] || created || New page with realistic first-robot budgets (as of October 2026) for 150 g, 1 lb plastic ant, 1 lb ant and 3 lb beetle: kit vs. custom, one-time gear vs. per-robot vs. ongoing costs, cost tables citing current store listings and real event entry fees, ways to save money, and what not to cheap out on. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1078 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Troubleshooting]] || created || New symptom-first guide for when a robot won't work (power, binding, no response, mixing, one motor, brushless cogging, weapon won't arm, ESC beeps, brownouts, creeping, failsafe, overheating, batteries, signal loss, slow/slipping). Each symptom lists likely causes, most common first, and quick checks. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1080 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Radios]] || updated || Filled in the empty 'Not Binding / Connecting' and 'Only one motor responds' entries under Common problems, and added links to Troubleshooting and ExpressLRS and EdgeTX Setup. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1081 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[ESCs]] || updated || Corrected the firmware section (BLHeli_S is the same project's second generation, not a fork; BLHeli32 settings can still be changed, only firmware updates stopped), mentioned Bluejay, and linked ESC Firmware and Troubleshooting. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1085 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Main Page]] || updated || Added What Your First Robot Costs and Troubleshooting under Getting Started, ESC Firmware under ESCs, and ExpressLRS and EdgeTX Setup under Radios. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1091 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Failsafes]] || updated || Link-only edit: added links to ExpressLRS and EdgeTX Setup, ESC Firmware and Troubleshooting. Same kind of one-line link added to Radios/Mixing (1083), Radio List (1084), GettingStarted (1086), Kits (1087), Beetleweight (1088), Wiring and Soldering (1089) and Pit Kit and Event Checklist (1090). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1082 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Vertical Spinners]] || created || New weapon page on vertical spinners: bar, disc, eggbeater and twin variants, strengths and weaknesses, a matchup table, gyroscopic turning and gyro self-righting, invertibility, forks, powering at insect weights, SPARC safety rules, BattleBots examples and open-source designs. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1097 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Horizontal Spinners]] || created || New weapon page on horizontal spinners: bar and disc weapons, undercutters vs. overhead, matchups, recoil and wall bounce, weapon height, gyro lifting, mounting, power, SPARC safety, examples and open-source designs. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1098 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Drum Spinners]] || created || New weapon page on drums, eggbeaters and beater bars: matchups, ground clearance, bite vs. tooth count, belt vs. direct drive, gyro self-righting, mounting, power, SPARC safety, examples and open-source designs. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1099 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Flippers and Lifters]] || created || New weapon page on lifters, four-bar and cam lifters, electric insect flippers, spring flippers, and pneumatic launchers (overview only): servo torque and protection, matchups, how they win under SPARC rules and judging, safety, famous robots, and printable designs and kits. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1103 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Hammers and Axes]] || created || New weapon page on overhead hammers and axes, spring- and flywheel-powered hammers, hammer saws and horizontal hammers: strengths, matchups, gearing and stall advice, SPARC stored-energy and weapon-lock rules, famous examples, and printable 150 g designs. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1104 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Wedges and Control Robots]] || created || New page on fixed and hinged wedges, wedgelets and forks, pushers, grabbers and crushers, and lifters used for control: why wedges win often, the wedgelet arms race, SPARC pin and pit rules, how judges score control, famous examples and printable designs. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1105 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Weapons]] || updated || Linked the six new weapon-type pages from their sections, replaced the empty vertical-spinner stub bullets with a link, and updated the wedgelet-rules sentence to say SPARC v1.7 has no wedgelet size limit (events may set their own). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1106 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Main Page]] || updated || Added the six weapon-type pages under Weapons. Link-only edits also made to Spinner Design (1107), Self-Righting (1108), Servos (1109) and Driving Practice (1110). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1111 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Kits]] || updated || Added a Discontinued Kits section (reference only) listing nine kits no longer sold, each with a link to an archived copy of its old product page. Moved the Kitbots Saifu and Weta there, since Kitbots' product pages are now empty, and restored seven kits removed in the dead-link cleanup. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1117 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Weapon Shafts, Bearings and Mounting]] || created || New page on supporting, holding and driving spinning weapons: live vs. dead shafts, shaft materials (and bolts as shafts), a simple bending check, bearing types and common sizes, fitting and clamping bearings, weapon retention, belt drives and tension, weapon motor mounting, and a table of common failures. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1119 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Repairs Between Matches]] || created || New page on the time you get between matches (SPARC, NHRL and other events), a post-match routine, triage, checking batteries for damage, quick fixes and what's not allowed, re-testing the failsafe after swaps, when to withdraw, getting help, and packing pre-built spare modules. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1120 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Major Competitions]] || created || New guide to the big competitions a builder can aim for (as of 2026): NHRL Opens, XP and Pro Tour, BattleBots applications, Robot Combat League championship and rankings, RoboGames, UK shows and championships, RoboCore, Robot Rampage and university events, plus preparing for a big event and flying with LiPos. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1123 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Strategy and Tactics]] || created || New page on match strategy: scouting opponents and arenas, the opening seconds, using walls, corners and pits, how SPARC matches are won (knockouts, pits, pins, tap-outs, both judging systems), managing damage, battery and heat, tactics against each weapon type, multibots, and sportsmanship. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1124 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Hand Tools and Basic Machining]] || created || New page on making parts without a CNC: marking out, drilling (with a speed table), tapping (tap-drill table for common metric and US screws), cutting plate by hand, filing, bending, countersinking, working UHMW and polycarbonate, rotary tools, lathes and mills, when to outsource, and safety. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1125 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[SPARC Judging Guidelines]] || updated || Corrected the tier E damage description to match the v1.3 document (significant impairment of both drive and weapon systems). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1126 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Combat Robotics in Schools and Universities]] || updated || Corrected Robobrawl's timing to the end of March, per its official site, and linked it. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1127 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Suppliers]] || updated || Reorganized the supplier list into region tables with a 'known for' column, checked every shop is still trading (Oct 2026), fixed moved links, added current combat, RC and hardware shops, and added a closed-shops note pointing to Kits#Discontinued Kits. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1133 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Hardening Motors]] || updated || Expanded the one-paragraph page into a practical guide: how motors fail, hardening brushed gearmotors and brushless outrunners, supporting the motor or using a dead shaft, shock mounting, wires, heat, and buying pre-hardened motors. The original intro and Robert Cowan videos are kept. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1134 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Lightweight]] || created || New weight-class page for 60 lb (US) / 30 kg (UK): SPARC and FRA limits with walker and shuffler bonuses, big-robot build methods and parts prices, stricter safety rules, crew, shop and transport needs, where the class still runs, and BattleBots-era champions. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1137 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Middleweight]] || created || New weight-class page for 120 lb / 55 kg: rules, builds and costs, safety rules, getting started, the few current venues, and BattleBots-era champions. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1138 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Heavyweight]] || created || New weight-class page for 250 lb (US) / 110 kg (UK): SPARC's two heavyweight classes, FRA limits, the current BattleBots 2027 design rules, safety, applying to BattleBots, where heavyweights fight in 2026, and champions. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1139 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Melty Brain]] || updated || Replaced the 'Tesla's Tornado' example, which the cited article doesn't support, with Blade Runner, which it names as the first robot to attempt meltybrain. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1150 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[RobotClasses]] || updated || Linked the new Lightweight, Middleweight and Heavyweight pages from the class table and updated the BattleBots non-wheeled weight-bonus sentence to match the 2027 design rules. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1153 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Drive Systems]] || updated || Fixed a citation: the Repeat belt listing didn't support the 'belts slip under shock' point, so it now cites Ask Aaron and links the belts as a product. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1140 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Main Page]] || updated || Added this round's new pages: the three heavier weight classes, Repairs Between Matches, Strategy and Tactics, Major Competitions, Weapon Shafts, Bearings and Mounting, Hand Tools and Basic Machining, and Hardening Motors. Link-only edits also made to 16 related pages (revs 1141-1159). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1149 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Local Groups]] || updated || Checked and repaired every club link (moved sites, expired Discord invites, wrong Facebook links, a hijacked domain, swapped columns), moved Angry Rooster to Defunct (its arena passed to Rocket City Combat Robots), removed one club with no presence left, and added about 26 active groups across the US, Canada, UK, Australia, New Zealand and Finland. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1167 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Major Competitions]] || updated || Link sweep: updated the Robots Live! link to its new site (robotsliveshow.com). A full sweep of all 1,155 external links found no other dead links: the remaining failures are sites that block automated checks, all confirmed working. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1169 created]
|}

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

2026-10-17T23:34:28Z

RobotRobot: Fix rev number in last row

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

2026-10-17T23:34:17Z

RobotRobot: Log: updated Major Competitions

This page tracks every wiki page '''RobotRobot''' (Claude, an AI editing assistant working for the wiki owner) has created or updated as part of the 2026 content refresh, so the edits can be reviewed. Each row links to the page and to the exact change. All edits are also listed at [[Special:Contributions/RobotRobot]].

To undo any change, open its diff link and use "undo" (or edit the page history).

==Planned work==
'''Done''' (see the log below):
* Refreshed: [[3D Printing]], [[Safety]], [[Wheels]], [[Tournament Brackets]], [[Melty Brain]], [[Insect Class Motors]], [[Radio List]], [[Suppliers]], [[Robots]], and smaller updates to many others.
* New pages: [[Glossary]], [[Spinner Design]], [[Armor and Materials]], [[Fabrication Services]], [[Self-Righting]], [[LiPo Battery Safety]], [[Failsafes]], [[Drive Systems]], [[Multibots, Walkers and Shufflers]], [[Robot Combat History and TV]], [[Pit Kit and Event Checklist]], [[Driving Practice]], [[Fasteners and Hardware]], [[Wiring and Soldering]], [[CAD for Combat Robots]], [[Weight Management]], [[Running an Event]], [[Combat Robotics in Schools and Universities]], [[Fairyweight]], [[Antweight]], [[Beetleweight]], [[Hobbyweight]], [[Featherweight]].
* Link check: all 871 external links on the wiki were checked in October 2026, and the dead ones were fixed or removed. (Facebook links and some store and wiki sites block automated checks; those were verified in a browser or left alone.)

'''Open questions for editors'''
* [[Tournament Brackets]]: the "Ante Up" format needs a description.

==Log==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date !! Page !! Change !! Description !! Diff
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[3D Printing]] || Updated || Updated printer tiers and prices for 2026; added PCTG, ASA, PEBA, carbon-fiber nylon details, resin and new design tips; noted Plastic class material limits. Checked all 179 design and part links: removed 6 dead designs, fixed 3 mislabeled entries, moved PrusaPrinters links to Printables. (Newly found designs to follow in a separate edit.) || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=958 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Glossary]] || Created || New page defining about 90 common robot combat terms (weapon types, weight classes, electronics, match rules), linking to the relevant wiki pages. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=961 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Main Page]] || Updated || Added a link to the new Glossary under Getting Started. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=962 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Spinner Design]] || Created || New page on spinner physics: stored energy and moment of inertia, tip speed, bite (with a worked example), spin-up, gyroscopic effects, drive options and weapon construction, with links to calculators. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=965 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Weapons]] || Updated || Added a pointer from the Spinning weapons section to the new Spinner Design page. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=966 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Fabrication Services]] || Created || New page listing online cutting, machining and printing services (SendCutSend, OSH Cut, Xometry, Ponoko, JLCPCB/PCBWay) and material suppliers, with what each offers and tips for ordering parts. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=969 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Armor and Materials]] || Created || New page on materials for frames, armor, wedges and weapons (plastics, aluminum alloys, titanium grades, AR and tool steels, composites), hardness vs. toughness, armor design ideas and weight-class notes. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=970 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Self-Righting]] || Created || New page on invertible designs and self-righting mechanisms (weapon-based, dedicated, shape-based, gyro), why it matters under the SPARC knock-out rule, common ways to get stuck and design tips. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=974 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[3D Printing]] || Updated || Added 129 newly found printable robot designs (mostly 2023–2026, from Printables, MakerWorld, Thingiverse, Cults3D and GitHub), every link checked; tables now list 266 designs, sorted. Added a 'Finding more designs' section with curated collections. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=976 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Safety]] || Updated || Built out the empty safety hub following the outline already on the page: key safety habits, a table linking each topic to detailed pages, event safety, and links to SPARC, NHRL, FRA and other guides. Kept the existing image and video. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=980 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[LiPo Battery Safety]] || Created || New page on LiPo voltages, charging, storage, damaged and puffy packs, disposal, what to do in a fire (per SPARC and fire-safety guidance) and 2026 FAA air-travel rules. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=978 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Failsafes]] || Created || New page on radio failsafes: SPARC v1.7, NHRL and FRA requirements, hold vs. no-pulses vs. set-position, setup notes for ExpressLRS, FlySky and Spektrum, a test procedure and common mistakes. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=979 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Batteries]] || Updated || Linked the new LiPo Battery Safety page, softened the 'never use water' fire advice to match current guidance, and updated the air-travel note to the 2026 FAA rules. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=981 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Radios]] || Updated || Added a link to the new Failsafes page. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=982 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Wheels]] || Updated || Built out the empty page following its existing outline: why wheels matter, foam and molded wheels (current products), casting your own tires, hubs and mounting, size and clearance, arena floors, protecting wheels and common failures. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=989 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Drive Systems]] || Created || New page on tank steering, 2WD/4WD/6WD layouts, belts, gears and friction drive, typical motors for each weight class (2026), gearing and speed math with worked examples, and protecting the drive. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=988 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Melty Brain]] || Updated || Kept the existing content and added how meltybrains work, Open Melt 2 hardware, tuning and heading-drift challenges, verified notable meltybrains (Tesla's Tornado, Melty B, Nuts 2, Project LiftOff) and NHRL/BattleBots rules. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=992 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Multibots, Walkers and Shufflers]] || Created || New page explaining multibot rules (SPARC 51%-of-mass knock-out, NHRL weight bonus and segment rules), SPARC and NHRL walker/shuffler definitions and bonuses, what counts as walking, and verified notable examples. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=994 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Main Page]] || Updated || Added a Design and Building section (Drive Systems, Armor and Materials, Spinner Design, Self-Righting, Multibots, Melty Brain, Fabrication Services) and links to Safety and Robot Combat History and TV. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=997 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Robot Combat History and TV]] || Created || New page with a sourced timeline of robot combat (Robot Wars, BattleBots, NHRL and more), summaries of the major TV shows including the 2026 BattleBots Pro League, and today's leagues and events. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=996 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Driving Practice]] || Created || New page with practice drills, helpful radio settings (trims, rates, expo, invert), general strategy against common robot types, arena awareness and driving for the judges. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1000 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Pit Kit and Event Checklist]] || Created || New page with a pre-event safety checklist, what to bring (essentials, spares, tools), how registration and safety inspection work, a typical event day, pit etiquette and NHRL notes. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1001 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Fasteners and Hardware]] || Created || New page on screw sizes, head styles and materials, threads in metal, UHMW and printed parts, nyloc nuts and threadlocker (including plastic-safe options), weapon shafts, bearings and collars, and where to buy. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1004 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Wiring and Soldering]] || Created || New page with a typical insect-class wiring layout, wire gauge guidance, layout and protection, soldering tips, and SPARC/NHRL rules for switches, power lights and fuses. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1005 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[CAD for Combat Robots]] || Created || New page comparing Onshape, Fusion, FreeCAD, SOLIDWORKS for Makers, Shapr3D and Tinkercad (license terms checked October 2026), a typical design workflow, and CAD tips for combat robots. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1006 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[GettingStarted]] || Updated || Added links to the new Drive Systems, Wheels, Armor and Materials, Fasteners, Wiring, CAD, Driving Practice and Pit Kit pages in the relevant sections; checked its guide links (all live). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1010 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Main Page]] || Updated || Added Pit Kit and Event Checklist and Driving Practice under Getting Started, and Fasteners, Wiring and CAD pages under Design and Building. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1011 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Tournament Brackets]] || Updated || Kept the original lists and added how to choose a format (with SPARC standards), descriptions of each bracket tool (adding TrueFinals and start.gg) and each bracket type. 'Ante Up' left for someone who knows the format to describe. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1014 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Insect Class Motors]] || Updated || Built out the motor table as the page's note asked: fixed the broken N20 row and added current brushed and brushless gearmotors from FingerTech, Pololu, Repeat Robotics and Just Cuz with links and vendor specs; added a short section on protecting motors. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1016 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Weight Management]] || Created || New page on SPARC and NHRL weight rules and re-weighs, planning a weight budget, ways to save weight, and making weight at events; linked from the Main Page. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1018 created]
|-
| 2026-10-16 || [[Robots]] || Updated || Fixed broken link syntax (double-bracketed external links), turned RobotCombatEvents.com and BuildersDB into links, and used internal links for weight classes and the team pages. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1022 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Running an Event]] || Created || New organizer's guide to hosting a local insect-class event: rules and classes, building or buying an arena, venues, safety equipment, insurance and waivers, registration and fees (RobotCombatEvents.com, RCE Manager), event-day roles and safety inspection. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1024 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Events]] || Updated || Linked the new Running an Event guide from the hosting section. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1025 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Combat Robotics in Schools and Universities]] || Created || New page on the National Robotics League and other school programs, school-friendly classes and kits, verified university clubs and events, and a step-by-step guide to starting a club; linked from the Main Page with Running an Event. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1028 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Radio List]] || Updated || Rechecked every radio for 2026: fixed swapped NB4/DX5 Pro receivers and wrong receiver weights, replaced the dead DX5 Pro link with the 2021 model, moved the DX6i, Taranis Q X7 and Turnigy Evolution to the legacy table, added ExpressLRS radios (RadioMaster range), a receiver table, all-in-one boards (Malenki, Catalyst) and protocol notes. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1031 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Fairyweight]] || Created || New Fairyweight class page: SPARC/UK/NHRL rules and weight bonuses, typical motors, batteries and materials, arena requirements, current kits (October 2026), where the class is fought. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1033 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Antweight]] || Created || New Antweight class page: SPARC/UK/NHRL rules and weight bonuses, typical motors, batteries and materials, arena requirements, current kits (October 2026), where the class is fought. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1034 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Beetleweight]] || Created || New Beetleweight class page: SPARC/UK/NHRL rules and weight bonuses, typical motors, batteries and materials, arena requirements, current kits (October 2026), where the class is fought, and verified NHRL world champions 2021–2025. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1035 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Hobbyweight]] || Created || New Hobbyweight class page: SPARC/UK/NHRL rules and weight bonuses, typical motors, batteries and materials, arena requirements, current kits (October 2026), where the class is fought, and verified NHRL world champions 2021–2025. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1036 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Featherweight]] || Created || New Featherweight class page: SPARC/UK/NHRL rules and weight bonuses, typical motors, batteries and materials, arena requirements, current kits (October 2026), where the class is fought, and verified NHRL world champions 2021–2025. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1038 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[RobotClasses]] || Updated || Linked the class names in the weight class table to the new Fairyweight, Antweight, Beetleweight, Hobbyweight and Featherweight pages (also linked from the Main Page). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1039 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[GettingStarted]] || Updated || Fixed 3 dead guide links: NZ getting-started guide (moved), RioBotz Combot Tutorial (now on riobotz.com), Witch Doctor Junior video series (now the team's YouTube playlist). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1047 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Motors]] || Updated || Fixed dead motor links: updated Rectified Robotics, FingerTech Mega Spark and Repeat Mini links to current products; replaced the Nuts & Bots N10 link with FingerTech's N10; removed closed or unlisted stores (KitBots gearmotor, OwObotics, RobotMatter). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1048 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Kits]] || Updated || Updated the FingerTech Viper (now v3) and Repeat Peter Bar Kit links; removed kits that are discontinued or whose makers have closed (Betz Botz NE2.7, Black Frost, BotKits MW1, Endbots Vector, OwObotics Donkey, Smeetleweight, Kiwi Exile). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1049 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[NameThatPart]] || Updated || Fixed broken G10 link syntax and pointed the dead G10/FR4 material page to an archived copy. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1050 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Plastic Antweights]] || Updated || Replaced the dead Prusa PLA tech sheet link with Prusament's current PLA material page. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1051 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Connectors]] || Updated || Removed a link to a Team Malice connector guide that no longer exists anywhere (not archived). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1052 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Suppliers]] || Updated || Removed closed stores (Micro Malice Store, OwObotics – now a Sheffield event site); added Pololu and Team Whyachi; linked the new Fabrication Services and Fasteners pages. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1053 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Local Groups]] || Updated || Updated Oregon State Combat Robotics to its current club page, pointed Robot Riot to an archived copy (its site is offline), and removed Bot Blast, which retired after 2018. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1054 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Switches]] || Updated || Updated the Team Whyachi switch link to their current shop. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1055 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Speed Reduction]] || Updated || Updated the Robotic Legends speed tutorial link (site moved from .org to .com). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?diff=1056 diff]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[RobotCommunity]] || updated || Checked all 70 links. Fixed four YouTube entries that pointed to the wrong channel (removing two with no findable channel), updated renamed channels, marked channels with no uploads in 2+ years, removed a dead Kilobots Facebook page, and added a Discord server plus new Podcasts and Wikis sections. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1068 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[RobotCommunity]] || updated || Checked the remaining Facebook groups while logged in: all are live except the Combat Robotics NZ group, which Facebook says is no longer available, so it now links to the Combat Robotics NZ website. Also renamed the Brushless group and clarified that the Midwest Discord is members-only. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1070 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[RobotCommunity]] || updated || Removed the 'no new uploads' notes on inactive channels and other activity notes, leaving just the corrected names and links. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1072 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[ExpressLRS and EdgeTX Setup]] || created || New step-by-step guide to setting up an ExpressLRS radio running EdgeTX for a combat robot: firmware version matching (ELRS 4.x vs 3.x), binding, one model per robot, drive mixing, rates and expo, the weapon channel, packet rate, setting and testing the PWM receiver failsafe, Model Match, and common problems. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1074 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[ESC Firmware]] || created || New page explaining brushless ESC firmware for robots: BLHeli, BLHeli_S, Bluejay (DShot only, so not for normal receivers), the discontinued BLHeli_32, and AM32; which chips run which; configurator tools and programmers; the settings that matter for robots; flashing safely; and a table of robot ESCs with the firmware they ship with. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1076 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[What Your First Robot Costs]] || created || New page with realistic first-robot budgets (as of October 2026) for 150 g, 1 lb plastic ant, 1 lb ant and 3 lb beetle: kit vs. custom, one-time gear vs. per-robot vs. ongoing costs, cost tables citing current store listings and real event entry fees, ways to save money, and what not to cheap out on. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1078 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Troubleshooting]] || created || New symptom-first guide for when a robot won't work (power, binding, no response, mixing, one motor, brushless cogging, weapon won't arm, ESC beeps, brownouts, creeping, failsafe, overheating, batteries, signal loss, slow/slipping). Each symptom lists likely causes, most common first, and quick checks. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1080 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Radios]] || updated || Filled in the empty 'Not Binding / Connecting' and 'Only one motor responds' entries under Common problems, and added links to Troubleshooting and ExpressLRS and EdgeTX Setup. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1081 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[ESCs]] || updated || Corrected the firmware section (BLHeli_S is the same project's second generation, not a fork; BLHeli32 settings can still be changed, only firmware updates stopped), mentioned Bluejay, and linked ESC Firmware and Troubleshooting. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1085 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Main Page]] || updated || Added What Your First Robot Costs and Troubleshooting under Getting Started, ESC Firmware under ESCs, and ExpressLRS and EdgeTX Setup under Radios. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1091 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Failsafes]] || updated || Link-only edit: added links to ExpressLRS and EdgeTX Setup, ESC Firmware and Troubleshooting. Same kind of one-line link added to Radios/Mixing (1083), Radio List (1084), GettingStarted (1086), Kits (1087), Beetleweight (1088), Wiring and Soldering (1089) and Pit Kit and Event Checklist (1090). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1082 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Vertical Spinners]] || created || New weapon page on vertical spinners: bar, disc, eggbeater and twin variants, strengths and weaknesses, a matchup table, gyroscopic turning and gyro self-righting, invertibility, forks, powering at insect weights, SPARC safety rules, BattleBots examples and open-source designs. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1097 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Horizontal Spinners]] || created || New weapon page on horizontal spinners: bar and disc weapons, undercutters vs. overhead, matchups, recoil and wall bounce, weapon height, gyro lifting, mounting, power, SPARC safety, examples and open-source designs. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1098 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Drum Spinners]] || created || New weapon page on drums, eggbeaters and beater bars: matchups, ground clearance, bite vs. tooth count, belt vs. direct drive, gyro self-righting, mounting, power, SPARC safety, examples and open-source designs. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1099 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Flippers and Lifters]] || created || New weapon page on lifters, four-bar and cam lifters, electric insect flippers, spring flippers, and pneumatic launchers (overview only): servo torque and protection, matchups, how they win under SPARC rules and judging, safety, famous robots, and printable designs and kits. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1103 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Hammers and Axes]] || created || New weapon page on overhead hammers and axes, spring- and flywheel-powered hammers, hammer saws and horizontal hammers: strengths, matchups, gearing and stall advice, SPARC stored-energy and weapon-lock rules, famous examples, and printable 150 g designs. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1104 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Wedges and Control Robots]] || created || New page on fixed and hinged wedges, wedgelets and forks, pushers, grabbers and crushers, and lifters used for control: why wedges win often, the wedgelet arms race, SPARC pin and pit rules, how judges score control, famous examples and printable designs. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1105 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Weapons]] || updated || Linked the six new weapon-type pages from their sections, replaced the empty vertical-spinner stub bullets with a link, and updated the wedgelet-rules sentence to say SPARC v1.7 has no wedgelet size limit (events may set their own). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1106 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Main Page]] || updated || Added the six weapon-type pages under Weapons. Link-only edits also made to Spinner Design (1107), Self-Righting (1108), Servos (1109) and Driving Practice (1110). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1111 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Kits]] || updated || Added a Discontinued Kits section (reference only) listing nine kits no longer sold, each with a link to an archived copy of its old product page. Moved the Kitbots Saifu and Weta there, since Kitbots' product pages are now empty, and restored seven kits removed in the dead-link cleanup. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1117 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Weapon Shafts, Bearings and Mounting]] || created || New page on supporting, holding and driving spinning weapons: live vs. dead shafts, shaft materials (and bolts as shafts), a simple bending check, bearing types and common sizes, fitting and clamping bearings, weapon retention, belt drives and tension, weapon motor mounting, and a table of common failures. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1119 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Repairs Between Matches]] || created || New page on the time you get between matches (SPARC, NHRL and other events), a post-match routine, triage, checking batteries for damage, quick fixes and what's not allowed, re-testing the failsafe after swaps, when to withdraw, getting help, and packing pre-built spare modules. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1120 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Major Competitions]] || created || New guide to the big competitions a builder can aim for (as of 2026): NHRL Opens, XP and Pro Tour, BattleBots applications, Robot Combat League championship and rankings, RoboGames, UK shows and championships, RoboCore, Robot Rampage and university events, plus preparing for a big event and flying with LiPos. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1123 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Strategy and Tactics]] || created || New page on match strategy: scouting opponents and arenas, the opening seconds, using walls, corners and pits, how SPARC matches are won (knockouts, pits, pins, tap-outs, both judging systems), managing damage, battery and heat, tactics against each weapon type, multibots, and sportsmanship. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1124 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Hand Tools and Basic Machining]] || created || New page on making parts without a CNC: marking out, drilling (with a speed table), tapping (tap-drill table for common metric and US screws), cutting plate by hand, filing, bending, countersinking, working UHMW and polycarbonate, rotary tools, lathes and mills, when to outsource, and safety. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1125 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[SPARC Judging Guidelines]] || updated || Corrected the tier E damage description to match the v1.3 document (significant impairment of both drive and weapon systems). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1126 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Combat Robotics in Schools and Universities]] || updated || Corrected Robobrawl's timing to the end of March, per its official site, and linked it. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1127 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Suppliers]] || updated || Reorganized the supplier list into region tables with a 'known for' column, checked every shop is still trading (Oct 2026), fixed moved links, added current combat, RC and hardware shops, and added a closed-shops note pointing to Kits#Discontinued Kits. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1133 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Hardening Motors]] || updated || Expanded the one-paragraph page into a practical guide: how motors fail, hardening brushed gearmotors and brushless outrunners, supporting the motor or using a dead shaft, shock mounting, wires, heat, and buying pre-hardened motors. The original intro and Robert Cowan videos are kept. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1134 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Lightweight]] || created || New weight-class page for 60 lb (US) / 30 kg (UK): SPARC and FRA limits with walker and shuffler bonuses, big-robot build methods and parts prices, stricter safety rules, crew, shop and transport needs, where the class still runs, and BattleBots-era champions. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1137 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Middleweight]] || created || New weight-class page for 120 lb / 55 kg: rules, builds and costs, safety rules, getting started, the few current venues, and BattleBots-era champions. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1138 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Heavyweight]] || created || New weight-class page for 250 lb (US) / 110 kg (UK): SPARC's two heavyweight classes, FRA limits, the current BattleBots 2027 design rules, safety, applying to BattleBots, where heavyweights fight in 2026, and champions. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1139 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Melty Brain]] || updated || Replaced the 'Tesla's Tornado' example, which the cited article doesn't support, with Blade Runner, which it names as the first robot to attempt meltybrain. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1150 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[RobotClasses]] || updated || Linked the new Lightweight, Middleweight and Heavyweight pages from the class table and updated the BattleBots non-wheeled weight-bonus sentence to match the 2027 design rules. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1153 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Drive Systems]] || updated || Fixed a citation: the Repeat belt listing didn't support the 'belts slip under shock' point, so it now cites Ask Aaron and links the belts as a product. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1140 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Main Page]] || updated || Added this round's new pages: the three heavier weight classes, Repairs Between Matches, Strategy and Tactics, Major Competitions, Weapon Shafts, Bearings and Mounting, Hand Tools and Basic Machining, and Hardening Motors. Link-only edits also made to 16 related pages (revs 1141-1159). || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1149 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Local Groups]] || updated || Checked and repaired every club link (moved sites, expired Discord invites, wrong Facebook links, a hijacked domain, swapped columns), moved Angry Rooster to Defunct (its arena passed to Rocket City Combat Robots), removed one club with no presence left, and added about 26 active groups across the US, Canada, UK, Australia, New Zealand and Finland. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1167 created]
|-
| 2026-10-17 || [[Major Competitions]] || updated || Link sweep: updated the Robots Live! link to its new site (robotsliveshow.com); same fix on Local Groups (1169). A full sweep of all 1,155 external links found no other dead links: the remaining failures are sites that block automated checks, all confirmed working. || [https://robotcombatwiki.com/index.php?oldid=1170 created]
|}

Major Competitions

2026-10-17T23:34:16Z

RobotRobot: Robots Live moved to robotsliveshow.com

Once you've fought at a few '''[[Events|local events]]''', you might want to aim higher. This page is a practical guide to the big competitions a builder can enter, '''as of 2026''': what each one is, which classes it runs, when it happens, and how to get in. For the history of the big shows, see '''[[Robot Combat History and TV]]'''. To find smaller events near you, see '''[[Events]]''' and '''[[Local Groups]]'''.

''Schedules, fees and entry rules change every season. Everything here was checked in October 2026; always confirm on the official site before you book travel.''

__TOC__

==Quick comparison==
{| class="wikitable"
! Competition !! Where !! Classes (as of 2026) !! How you get in
|-
| '''NHRL Open''' || Norwalk, Connecticut, USA || 3 lb, 12 lb, 30 lb || Lottery registration about 8 weeks before each event
|-
| '''NHRL Pro Tour''' || Norwalk and New York City, USA || 3 lb, 12 lb, 30 lb || Invitation only, earned at NHRL Opens
|-
| '''BattleBots''' || Las Vegas, Nevada, USA || 250 lb || Design application, then selection
|-
| '''Robot Combat League Championship''' || Changes each year (USA) || 150 g to 30 lb || Invitation, based on national rankings
|-
| '''RoboGames''' || San Francisco Bay Area, USA || Many, 150 g to 250 lb || Open entry (no 2026 event announced)
|-
| '''RoboCore (RCX, RSM)''' || São Paulo state, Brazil || 150 g to 60 lb || Online registration
|-
| '''Robot Rampage''' || Auckland, New Zealand || Featherweights (13.6 kg) and others || Contact the organisers
|-
| '''UK live shows''' || Touring, UK || Mainly 110 kg heavyweights || Online application (Robots Live!) or contact the organisers
|}

==NHRL==
The '''National Havoc Robot League''' runs the biggest regular insect and mid-weight events in the world at its venue, the '''House of Havoc''' in Norwalk, Connecticut. Events are livestreamed, pay cash prizes, and draw builders from around the world.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=New_Builder_Guide]

===Classes and season===
* NHRL runs three classes: '''[[Beetleweight|3 lb]]''', '''[[Hobbyweight|12 lb]]''' and '''[[Featherweight|30 lb]]'''.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=NHRL_Rules] It doesn't run 150 g or 1 lb.
* '''NHRL Opens''' are held most months at the House of Havoc. The 2026 calendar listed Opens in February, March, April, May, June and October.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=2026_Registration_calendar]
* '''NHRL XP''' is a separate 3 lb tournament run on the same day as the Open, for newer and more casual competitors. As of 2026, NHRL favours experienced competitors for the 3 lb Open and encourages newer builders to start in XP. Competitors earn XP points for results and become eligible for the Open at 10,000 XP.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=Registration_at_NHRL]
* As of 2026, the caps are 80 bots for the 3 lb Open, 16 for 3 lb XP, and 32 each for 12 lb and 30 lb.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=Registration_at_NHRL]
* Bots that reach the semifinals at a Norwalk tournament qualify for the '''World Championships''' in December.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=NHRL_Rules]
* In 2026, an Open winner in any class got $1,000 and second place $400.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=New_Builder_Guide]

===NHRL Pro Tour===
NHRL launched the '''Pro Tour''' in 2026: three invite-only events ending in the '''Pro World Championships''' in December. The first was in Norwalk on 16 May 2026 and the second at Terminal 5 in New York City on 12 September 2026.[https://www.nhrl.io/about-pro-tour-2026][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Havoc_Robot_League]
* There's '''no public registration'''. You earn an invitation by reaching a quarterfinal fight at an NHRL Open, and NHRL fills the rest of the field with wild cards.[https://www.nhrl.io/about-pro-tour-2026]
* Each event has 16 bots per class. Groups of four fight a round robin, then the top bots move into a single-elimination bracket. NHRL says up to $30,000 in prizes is paid at each event.
* The Pro Tour uses the same rules and judging criteria as the Opens.
* Pro Tour and World Championship events stream free on DAZN under a multi-year deal signed in May 2026.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Havoc_Robot_League]

===How to register===
# Join the NHRL mailing list and Discord so you see when registration opens (both are linked from the '''[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=New_Builder_Guide New Builder Guide]''').
# Enter your details and your bot's details in the '''[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=NHRL_Registration_Hub NHRL Registration Hub]'''. You can do this at any time.
# About 8 weeks before an event, the lottery opens for one week. It doesn't matter when in that week you enter. Selections are announced about 6 weeks before the event.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=Registration_at_NHRL]
# Pay the '''$75 deposit''' when you register. You get it back if you make your first fight, or if you're waitlisted and not picked. You lose it if you drop out.
* Builders in good standing can also '''reserve''' one event per class each season, which helps if you're travelling a long way.
* Dropping out or forfeiting your first fights hurts your chances of selection at later events, so only register if you're sure you can go.

===How NHRL rules differ from SPARC===
NHRL writes its '''[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=NHRL_Rules own rulebook]''' (the "NHRL Open Rules – 2026") instead of using the '''[[SPARC]]''' documents. If you've built to SPARC rules, check these points in particular:[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=NHRL_Rules]
* '''Weight bonuses:''' NHRL has two locomotion categories: non-traditional locomotion (+50%) and "true walkers" (+100%). True walkers need approval before you register. SPARC instead has separate shuffler, non-traditional and walker bonuses (see '''[[Multibots, Walkers and Shufflers]]''').
* '''Weigh-ins:''' bots are weighed before every fight, not just at inspection. Being up to 2.5 oz over gives a TKO point; more than that is an immediate TKO.
* '''TKO points:''' referees and staff hand out TKO points for things like false starts. Three at one event means a technical knockout.
* '''Removable links:''' 3 lb bots can use the battery connector as the link, but 12 lb and 30 lb bots need a dedicated removable link.
* '''Hazard bots''' (pneumatics, hydraulics, flame, combustion and so on) must be emailed to NHRL safety at least 3 weeks before the event.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=New_Builder_Guide]
* Matches are 3 minutes, the same as SPARC's standard length (see '''[[SPARC Match Rules]]''').

See '''[[Pit Kit and Event Checklist#NHRL|Pit Kit and Event Checklist]]''' for what to bring. Many builders suggest a few local events first, because the level at NHRL is very high.

==BattleBots==
'''[https://battlebots.com/ BattleBots]''' is the best-known robot combat show. It's a '''250 lb heavyweight''' event (250.0 lb ready to fight, with no minimum weight).[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/BattleBots-Design-Rules-Rev.-2027.01.pdf] In 2026 it ran the '''[https://battlebots.com/proleague/ BattleBots Pro League]''': 24 robots in a group stage and knockout format, streamed in 20 episodes on the BattleBots YouTube channel. It also runs a daily live show, '''Destruct-A-Thon''', in Las Vegas.[https://battlebots.com/proleague/]

===How to apply===
This is the process BattleBots describes on its own site. BattleBots says only a small percentage of applications are chosen each season.[https://book.battlebots.com/]
* '''Apply with a design, not a robot.''' Applications go through the '''[https://book.battlebots.com/ BattleBook]''' portal. BattleBots asks you to design a robot and '''not''' build it until you've been accepted.[https://book.battlebots.com/]
* An application includes technical details, a technical drawing, photo-realistic renderings, biographical information and a team video.[https://battlebots.com/rules/]
* Once your application is "Cleared to Continue", you can choose which upcoming '''Proving Ground''' dates and tournaments you're available for. At Proving Ground you fight in the real BattleBox in Las Vegas, in front of a live audience and the selection committee.[https://book.battlebots.com/]
* The '''[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/How-to-get-on-BattleBots.pdf How to Get on BattleBots]''' guide says the selection committee wants a robot that fights well, looks great and is original, plus a strong team with a top driver. BattleBots can reject any application without giving a reason.
* As of October 2026, the Pro League page has an "Apply to Pro League 2027" link. Draft '''2027 rules''' (version 2027.01, 1 October 2026) and a summary of the changes are on the '''[https://battlebots.com/rules/ rules page]'''. One change is that minibots are no longer allowed.[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Battlebots-Summary-of-2027-Rules-Updates.pdf] Some older BattleBots pages still mention past seasons, so go by the newest documents.

BattleBots' own '''[https://battlebots.com/build/ build page]''' advises new builders to start small at local events and work up. See also '''[[Heavyweight]]'''.

==Robot Combat League Championship==
The '''[[Robot Combat League]]''' ranks robots from hundreds of independent US local events and invites the top-ranked robots to an annual '''National Championship'''. As of 2026, it ranks 150 g, 1 lb, 1 lb plastic, 3 lb, 12 lb, 30 lb and 30 lb Sportsman.[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/league_faq]
* '''Season:''' 1 March to the end of February. A robot's score comes from its best three events.
* '''Getting in:''' you don't register for the championship. Compete at ranked events and invitations go to the top of the '''[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/types?year=2026 rankings on RobotCombatEvents.com]'''.
* The 2026 championship was scheduled for 19–21 June 2026 at the Salt Palace in Salt Lake City.[https://robotcombatleague.net/]
* If an event's results are missing from the rankings, ask the event organiser. They decide whether results are included.

==RoboGames==
'''[http://robogames.net/ RoboGames]''' is a long-running open robot competition in the San Francisco Bay Area, with combat alongside dozens of non-combat events. Its 20th edition was held on 18–21 April 2024 at the San Jose Convention Center, alongside the 2024 RCL Championship. As of October 2026, its site lists the next event as "to be announced".[http://robogames.net/][https://www.robotcombatevents.com/events/1250] Check the site before you plan around it.

==UK==
* '''Robot Wars''' hasn't been on air since its BBC revival ended in January 2018. The Robot Wars live shows were renamed Extreme Robots in 2017.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Wars_(TV_series)]
* '''Live shows:''' '''[https://www.extremerobots.co.uk/tickets Extreme Robots]''' tours the UK with 110 kg heavyweights. Its 2026 dates included "The Championship" in Gloucester on 14–15 November 2026, and it lists more shows for 2027. '''[https://www.robotsliveshow.com/ Robots Live!]''' runs heavyweight competitions and featherweight melees, and takes applications through an '''[https://www.robotsliveshow.com/mechapply online form]'''. Its 2026 application form listed shows in Maidenhead, Crawley and Stoke.[https://www.robotsliveshow.com/mechapply]
* '''FRA events:''' most UK events follow the '''[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/ Fighting Robots Association]''' build rules, with 150 g antweights, 1.5 kg beetleweights and 13.6 kg featherweights (see '''[[Rules]]''').
* '''Antweight World Series (AWS):''' the long-running UK 150 g event. AWS 79 was listed for 22 November 2026 near Bristol.[https://www.rampagebots.co.uk/events]
* '''Robodojo''' (near York) listed a '''2026 UK Hobbyweight Championship''' and a Sportsman Featherweight League for November 2026.[https://www.rampagebots.co.uk/events]
* '''BuggleBots''' was a web series. Its site lists the 2018 and 2019 series and no later ones.[https://www.bugglebots.com/]
* Find UK and European events on the '''[https://www.rampagebots.co.uk/events Rampage]''' and '''[https://bristolbotbuilders.com/events/ Bristol Bot Builders]''' listings.

==Elsewhere in the world==
* '''Brazil – RoboCore:''' RoboCore runs large multi-category events, including '''RCX''' (RCX 2026 was 9–12 October 2026 at the Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia in São Paulo) and the '''RSM Challenge Internacional''' (April 2026, Mogi das Cruzes).[https://events.robocore.net/] RCX 2026 combat classes ran from 150 g fairyweight up to 60 lb (27.2 kg) lightweight, including plastic ants and 12 lb and 30 lb.[https://events.robocore.net/rcx-2026/entries] Register through the '''[https://events.robocore.net/ RoboCore Event Manager]'''. Online entries for RCX 2026 closed on 30 September 2026.[https://events.robocore.net/rcx-2026/]
* '''New Zealand – Robot Rampage:''' a live robot fighting show at its own venue in Auckland, with featherweight (13.6 kg) and heavyweight robots.[https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/14-10-2024/hot-new-hobby-alert-robot-fighting] It lists a "World Cup Warmup" for 28–29 November 2026 and a '''[https://www.robotrampage.co.nz/world-cup Robot Rampage World Cup]''' for country teams, planned for February 2027. Contact the organisers to enter.[https://www.robotrampage.co.nz/]
* '''NHRL links:''' NHRL has said it plans to give Pro Tour qualifying points and wild cards to winners of outside events such as RCX, RSM and Robot Rampage.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Havoc_Robot_League]
* '''Australia:''' the old '''[https://robowars.org/ Robowars Australia]''' site is now an archive, but it links to the current Robowars Australia Discord and city groups.
* '''China:''' TV competitions such as King of Bots have run since 2018 (see '''[[Robot Combat History and TV]]'''), but we couldn't find a verified open-entry route for overseas builders.

==University-focused events==
There's no single national intercollegiate championship. College teams mostly fight at open events, NHRL and each other's campus events (see '''[[Combat Robotics in Schools and Universities]]''').
* '''[https://robobrawl.illinois.edu/ Robobrawl]''' at the University of Illinois is held each year at the end of March (28–29 March in 2026). It runs 30 lb and 12 lb robots in a Swiss format, plus a 2v2 3 lb format, with university and hobbyist teams.[https://robobrawl.illinois.edu/]
* RobotCombatEvents.com publishes separate '''[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/types?tag=university&year=2026 university rankings]'''.
* High school teams have the '''National Robotics League''' (15 lb, its own rules), described on the schools page.

==Preparing for a big event==
* '''Watch the registration windows.''' Big events fill up and select entries weeks or months ahead: NHRL's lottery opens about 8 weeks before each event, and BattleBots selects from design applications. Join each event's mailing list or Discord.
* '''Read that event's rules, not just SPARC.''' Inspection at big events is stricter and may include powered tests in a test box, failsafe checks, weigh-ins before every fight and checks on your weapon lock and sharp-edge covers.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=New_Builder_Guide] The most common reasons for failing are being overweight or not having a good weapon lock. Arrive already passing at home (see '''[[Failsafes]]''' and '''[[Weight Management]]''').
* '''Plan for repairs.''' Bring spares for everything likely to break and a plan to swap them quickly. See '''[[Repairs Between Matches]]''' and '''[[Pit Kit and Event Checklist]]'''.
* '''Shipping:''' some events accept shipped robots and tools. NHRL, for example, publishes '''[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=Shipping_to_NHRL shipping instructions]'''. Lithium batteries are regulated as dangerous goods when shipped, especially by air, so check with your carrier before putting LiPos in a shipment.[https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/dgr/lithium-batteries/]

===Flying with LiPos===
Airline rules for lithium batteries, as of 2026 (see '''[[LiPo Battery Safety#Travel|LiPo Battery Safety]]''' for more):
* '''Spare LiPos go in carry-on bags only''', never in checked bags. Protect each pack's terminals from short circuits, for example in its own LiPo bag or with taped connectors.[https://www.faa.gov/hazmat/packsafe/airline-passengers-and-batteries]
* Packs up to '''100 Wh''' are allowed. Packs from 101 to 160 Wh need airline approval, with a limit of two spares each. Packs over 160 Wh aren't allowed as passenger baggage.
* IATA's passenger guidance limits each passenger to '''20 spare batteries''' unless the airline approves more.[https://www.iata.org/contentassets/6fea26dd84d24b26a7a1fd5788561d6e/passenger-lithium-battery.pdf]
* A device with its battery installed can usually go in checked baggage only if it's fully switched off and protected from turning on. Many builders unplug or remove robot batteries and carry them as spares.
* Damaged or puffy packs can't fly at all.
* To work out watt-hours, multiply voltage by amp-hours. Most insect-class packs are far below 100 Wh (a 4S 1300 mAh pack is about 19 Wh).
* Airlines and countries can be stricter, so check your airline's rules before you fly.

==See also==
* '''[[Events]]''' and '''[[Local Groups]]''' – finding local events
* '''[[Robot Combat League]]''' – national rankings
* '''[[Robot Combat History and TV]]'''
* '''[[Rules]]''' and '''[[SPARC]]'''
* '''[[Pit Kit and Event Checklist]]''' and '''[[Repairs Between Matches]]'''
* '''[[LiPo Battery Safety]]''' and '''[[Safety]]'''
* '''[[Beetleweight]]''', '''[[Hobbyweight]]''', '''[[Featherweight]]''' and '''[[Heavyweight]]'''

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

2026-10-17T23:29:57Z

RobotRobot: Log: updated Local Groups

Local Groups

2026-10-17T23:28:51Z

RobotRobot: Check and repair every club link; add ~26 active groups worldwide

=Local Groups, Clubs, and Organizations=
Here is a partial list of robot combat clubs, organizations, groups and individuals putting on events worldwide. Most hold multiple events each year. In all cases they should be thanked! If you are '''[[GettingStarted|planning on competing]]''', check with each event's organizer for the specific '''[[rules]]''' they will use.

To find upcoming events near you, see '''[[Events]]''' and the event map on '''[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/ RobotCombatEvents.com]'''. UK and European events are listed on the '''[https://bristolbotbuilders.com/events/ Bristol Bot Builders events listing]'''. Many universities also run combat robotics clubs and campus events; see '''[[Combat Robotics in Schools and Universities]]'''. Online and regional discussion groups are listed on '''[[RobotCommunity]]'''. Want to start your own group? See '''[[Running an Event]]'''.

'''Tip:''' Click arrows on the column headings to sort by name or location.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Event Organizations
|-
! Organization !! State !! City !! Country !! Supported [[RobotClasses|Classes]] !! Discussion / Social
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/groups/AdelaideRobotCombat Adelaide Robot Combat] || South Australia || Adelaide || AU || 150g ||
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/groups/alburywodogarobotbattles/ Albury Wodonga Robot Battles] || New South Wales || Albury || AU || 150g ||
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/people/Antweight-World-Series/61567008475192/ Antweight World Series] || England (or touring) || Various || UK (touring) ||150g ||
|-
| [http://azroboticcombat.com/ Arizona Robotic Combat] || Arizona || Phoenix || USA ||150g, 1lb 1lb-Plastic, 3lb || https://www.facebook.com/groups/ArizonaRoboticCombat/
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/groups/2172601139696740 Backwoods Combat Robots] || Tennessee || Chapel Hill || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb ||
|-
| [https://www.battlebots.com/ Battlebots] || Nevada || Las Vegas || USA || 250lb ||
|-
| [https://www.battlerobotkit.com/ Battle Robot Kit (formerly Bay Area Robotic Combat)] || California || Richmond || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic || https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100057054446012
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/BaysideRoboticsEvents Bayside Robotics] || Maryland || Earleville || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic ||
|-
| [https://linktr.ee/RobotRebellion BeetleBelt (Robot Rebellion)] || England || Various || UK || 3lb ||
|-
| [https://botgeddon.com/ Bot'Geddon] || California || Rocklin || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic ||
|-
| [https://www.botbrawl.ca/ Bot Brawl] || Ontario || Mississauga || CA || 1lb, 3lb, 30lb-Sumo, 150-Sumo ||
|-
| [https://botrumble.com/ BotRumble] || Colorado || Westminster || USA || 150g, 1lb-Plastic || https://links.botrumble.com/
|-
| [https://botskc.org/ BotsKC] || Missouri || Kansas City || USA || 15lb ||
|-
| '''[https://bristolbotbuilders.com/events/ Bristol Bot Builders]''' || England || Bristol || UK || 150g, 3lb, 30lb || https://www.facebook.com/BristolBotBuilders/ https://forum.bristolbotbuilders.com/
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100065099877118 Budget Bot Builders] || Colorado || Colorado Springs || USA || 150g ||
|-
| [https://bugglebots.com/ BuggleBots] || England || Bristol || UK || 3lb ||
|-
| [https://www.canberracombatrobotics.info/ Canberra Combat Robotics] || Australian Capital Territory || Canberra || AU || 150g ||
|-
| [https://carolinacombat.com/ Carolina Combat Robots] || North Carolina || Hickory || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb ||
|-
| [https://www.circpeoria.org/ Central Illinois Robotics Club] || Illinois || Peoria || USA || 1lb, 3lb ||
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/groups/ColoradoCombatRobotics Colorado Combat Robotics] || Colorado || Denver || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb, 12lb, 30lb, 30lb-Sportsman ||
|-
| [https://combatrobotics.co.nz/ Combat Robotics NZ] || Auckland || Grafton || NZ || 1lb, 3lb ||
|-
| [https://members.artifactory.org.au/events/series/combat-robots Combat Robotics Out West (Artifactory)] || Western Australia || Perth (Osborne Park) || AU || 150g ||
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/groups/437521800412767/ Combat Robots of Oklahoma] || Oklahoma || Tulsa || USA || 150g, 1lb, 3lb ||
|-
| [https://www.robotcombatevents.com/events/10685 Competitive Robotics at Sacramento State] || California || Sacramento || USA || 1lb ||
|-
| [https://www.connecticutantweightroboticsleague.com/ Connecticut Antweight Robotics League (CARL)] || Connecticut || Various || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic ||
|-
| CTRL PDX || Oregon || Portland || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb || https://discord.gg/FcuCNv2ug2
|-
| [https://dutchrobotgames.nl/ Dutch Robot Games] || Gelderland || Ulft || NL || 30lb ||
|-
| '''[https://www.evac-az.com/ East Valley Attack Combat (EVAC) Robotics]''' || Arizona || Tempe || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb || https://discord.gg/aJmTKqssNm
|-
| [https://www.extremerobots.co.uk/ Extreme Robots] || England (touring) || Various || UK || Live shows ||
|-
| [https://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/ Fighting Robots Association (FRA)] || UK || Various || UK || 150g, 3lb, 12lb, 30lb, 220lb (UK classes) || https://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/forum
|-
| '''[https://gscrl.org/ Garden State Combat Robotics League (GSCRL)]''' || New Jersey || Various || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb || https://discord.com/invite/qwkeeVWgs2
|-
| [https://www.roboteers.org/ German Roboteers Association] || Lower Saxony || Hannover || DE || 150g, 1lb, 3lb, 12lb, 30lb ||
|-
| '''[https://www.innovation-spark.org/en-US/hacr High Adrenaline Combat Robotics (HACR)]''' || Texas || Houston || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb || https://discord.gg/654dyZzjVE https://www.facebook.com/groups/hacrusa/
|-
| [https://www.huntercombatrobotics.com/ Hunter Combat Robotics] || New South Wales || Newcastle (Windale) || AU || 150g, 150g-Plastic ||
|-
| [https://ircl-io.github.io/ Idaho Robot Combat League (IRCL)] || Idaho || Boise || USA || 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb ||
|-
| [https://impactroboticsleague.org/ Impact Robotics League] || California || Rocklin || USA || 1lb-Plastic ||
|-
| [https://kilobots.com/ Kilobots Combat Robot Events] || Saskatchewan || Saskatoon || CA || 150g, 1lb, 3lb || https://www.facebook.com/groups/319815841473272
|-
| [https://makerspacect.org/makerbattle/ MakerspaceCT] || Connecticut || Hartford || USA || 3lb ||
|-
| '''[https://macrobot.org/ Maryland Area Combat Robotics Organization (MACRO)]''' || Maryland || Baltimore || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb Sportsman || https://discord.gg/SXwArmv
|-
| [https://melbournecombatrobotics.org/ Melbourne Combat Robotics] || Victoria || Melbourne || AU || 150g, 1lb, 3lb || https://www.facebook.com/groups/melbournecombatrobotics
|-
| [https://www.mtras.com/ Middle Tennessee Robotics Art Society] || Tennessee || Nashville || USA || 150g, 1lb, 3lb ||
|-
| '''[https://midwestrobotcombat.com/ Midwest Robot Combat Association (MRCA)]''' || Wisconsin || Milwaukee || USA || 150g, 1lb, 3lb || https://discord.com/invite/Cdcdg4dFnq
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/groups/191785988709100/ Minnesota Combat Robotics] || Minnesota || Eagan || USA || 150g, 1lb ||
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/missourirobotfights/ Missouri Robot Fights] || Missouri || Joplin || USA || 150g, 1lb ||
|-
| [https://monumentalimpact.org/ Monumental Impact] || Colorado || Monument || USA || 150g, 1lb-Plastic ||
|-
| [https://gonrl.org National Robotics League] || Various || Various || USA || 15lb ||
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61560241215323 Nor'easter: Robot Combat Club] || New Brunswick || Moncton || CA || 150g ||
|-
| [http://www.nerc.us North East Robotics Club] || Pennsylvania || Harrisburg || USA || 150g, 1lb, 3lb, 12lb, 30lb, 30lb-Sportsman || https://www.facebook.com/groups/NorthEastRoboticsClub
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/groups/2211361815847314/ North Texas Bot Battles] || Texas || Dallas/Fort Worth || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb ||
|-
| [https://www.nhrl.io/ National Havoc Robot League] || Connecticut || Norwalk || USA || 3lb, 12lb, 30lb || https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php/NHRL_Discord
|-
| [http://www.ohiorobotclub.com/ Ohio Robotics Club] || Ohio || Sandusky || USA || 150g, 1lb, 3lb, 6lb || https://www.facebook.com/groups/OhioRobotClub/
|-
| [https://sites.google.com/osd.wednet.edu/olyrobots/olyrobots OlyRobots] || Washington || Olympia || USA || 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb ||
|-
| [https://osurobotics.club/teams/combat/ Oregon State Combat Robotics] || Oregon || Corvallis || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic ||
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/QueenslandRoboticsSportsClub Queensland Robotics Sports Club] || Queensland || - || AU || - ||
|-
| [https://www.rabidrva.com/ RABID - Richmond Area Bot Instigated Destruction] || Virginia || Richmond || USA || || https://discord.com/invite/H5wQnJXAVh
|-
| [https://roboticsclub.rice.edu/ Rice Robotics Club] || Texas || Houston || USA || 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb ||
|-
| [https://events.robocore.net/ RoboCore] || Minas Gerais || Santa Rita do Sapucaí || BR || 150g, 1lb, 3lb, 30lb, 60lb ||
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/RobodojoUK/ RoboDojo] || England || York || UK || 150g, 3lb, 12lb, 30lb || https://linktr.ee/Robodojo
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/groups/288423000535334/ Rocket City Combat Robots] || Alabama || Huntsville || USA || 1lb, 3lb ||
|-
| [http://www.robotbattles.com/ Robot Battles] || Georgia || Atlanta || USA || 1lb, 3lb, 12lb, 30lb ||
|-
| [https://robotcombatleague.net/ Robot Combat League] || Various || Various || USA || - ||
|-
| [https://www.robotrampage.co.nz/ Robot Rampage] || Auckland || Auckland (Mt Wellington) || NZ || 30lb, 250lb ||
|-
| [https://palmbeachbots.com/pages/robot-renegades Robot Renegades] || Florida || Orlando / Fort Pierce || USA || 1lb ||
|-
| [http://web.archive.org/web/20230131172648/https://www.makemia.com/robot-riot Robot Riot] (website offline as of October 2026) || Florida || West Palm Beach || USA || 150g, 1lb, 3lb ||
|-
| [http://robogames.net/ RoboGames] || California || Pleasanton (SF Bay Area) || USA || 150g, 1lb, 3lb, 60lb, 120lb, 250lb ||
|-
| [https://www.robotsliveshow.com/ Robots Live!] || England (touring) || Various || UK || Live shows ||
|-
| [https://www.robotruckus.org/ Robot Ruckus] || Florida || Orlando || USA || 150g, 1lb, 3lb, 12lb, 30lb, 220lb-Sportsman ||
|-
| [https://robosota.fi/ Robosota] || - || Various || FI || - ||
|-
| '''[https://www.robowars.com.au/ Robowars Australia]''' || Queensland || Brisbane || AU || 30lb || https://discord.gg/dPHYVa85fT https://www.facebook.com/groups/RobowarsAustralia
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/groups/3440980329502608/ SEMO - Combat Robotics] || Missouri || Ripley County || USA || 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb ||
|-
| [https://www.facebook.com/groups/smashbotz Smashbotz] || California || Los Angeles || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb, 12lb ||
|-
| [https://www.socalattackrobots.com/ Southern California Attack Robotics] || California || Walnut || USA || 150g, 1lb, 3lb, 12lb, 15lb || https://www.facebook.com/groups/640098953444052
|-
| [https://battlescar.co.uk/ Steel City Antweight Robots (SCAR)] || England || Sheffield || UK || 150g, 3lb ||
|-
| [https://stem-coliseum.odoo.com/event STEM Coliseum (Friday Night Robot Fights)] || Maine || South Portland || USA || 1lb ||
|-
| [https://texasrobotcombat.com/ Texas Robot Combat] || Texas || Dallas || USA || 150g, 1lb, 3lb ||
|-
| [https://linktr.ee/utahcombatrobotics Utah Combat Robotics] || Utah || Salt Lake City || USA || 1lb, 3lb || https://www.facebook.com/groups/283767419725335/
|-
| [http://vegascombatrobotics.com/ Vegas Combat Robotics] || Nevada || Las Vegas || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb ||
|-
| [https://buildersdb.com/VSRobotCombat2026 Vector Space Robot Combat] || Virginia || Lynchburg || USA || 1lb, 1lb-Plastic || https://vector-space.org/
|-
| [https://wpfl.thehomelab.dev/ Weaponized Plastic] || Texas || Austin || USA || Plastic (up to 1 kg) ||
|-
| '''[https://westernalliedrobotics.com Western Allied Robotics]''' || Washington || Seattle || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb, 12lb, 30lb-Sportsman || https://www.facebook.com/groups/512154462223892/
|-
| '''[https://sites.google.com/view/wisconsin-robot-combat/ Wisconsin Robot Combat]''' || Wisconsin || Oconomowoc || USA || 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb || https://www.facebook.com/WisconsinRobotCombat/
|}

==Defunct Robot Combat Events==
These events are no longer active.
* [https://www.texasaimbots.com/ Texas Aimbots]: 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb in Bryan-College Station, Texas - adjunct program of Texas A&M Robomasters Robotics, combat series 2022-2024
* Bot Fest: Liverpool, UK, 150g - 2018?
* Robotics @UH (University of Houston): Houston, Texas, 150g, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb - Cougar Cup series 2023-2025
* [https://www.angryroosterrobotics.com/ Angry Rooster Robotics]: Huntsville, Alabama, 1lb, 1lb-Plastic, 3lb - handed its arena over to '''[https://www.facebook.com/groups/288423000535334/ Rocket City Combat Robots]''', which now runs events in Huntsville

==See also==
* [[Events]]
* [[RobotCommunity]]
* [[Combat Robotics in Schools and Universities]]
* [[Running an Event]]
* [[Rules]]
* [[GettingStarted]]

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

2026-10-17T23:27:08Z

RobotRobot: Log: updated Main Page

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

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RobotRobot: Log: updated Drive Systems

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

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RobotRobot: Log: updated RobotClasses

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

2026-10-17T23:27:05Z

RobotRobot: Log: updated Melty Brain

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

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RobotRobot: Log: created Heavyweight

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

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RobotRobot: Log: created Middleweight

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

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RobotRobot: Log: created Lightweight

Vertical Spinners

2026-10-17T23:26:49Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

A '''vertical spinner''' (often just called a "vert") is a robot whose weapon spins on a horizontal axis, so the teeth come up from underneath the opponent and strike upward. A good hit both damages the opponent and throws it into the air. Verts are one of the most popular weapon types in the insect classes. This page covers what's specific to verts; for the shared engineering (stored energy, tip speed, bite, spin-up, materials, shafts and bearings) see '''[[Spinner Design]]'''. For other weapon types see '''[[Weapons]]'''.

''Safety: even a 150 g vert can cause injury. Only spin it up in an arena or a '''[[Test Boxes|test box]]''', and always fit a weapon lock outside the arena. See '''[[Safety]]''', '''[[Failsafes]]''' and the '''Safety''' section below.''

__TOC__

==Variants==
The line between a vert and a '''[[Drum Spinners|drum]]''' is blurry. As a rough guide, a vert's weapon is tall and narrow (a bar or disc that's taller than it is wide), while a drum is short and wide.
* '''Bar:''' a flat bar with a tooth at one or both ends. Simple to make and strong for its weight, and a single-tooth (asymmetric) bar with a counterweight gives the most bite. A bar stores the least energy of the common shapes for a given mass and diameter.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html]
* '''Disc:''' a round or near-round plate with one or two teeth. Stores more energy than a bar of the same mass and size because more of its mass is near the rim, and it's harder to stop.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html]
* '''Eggbeater:''' an open loop (often a square or rounded frame) spinning between two supports. It puts most of its mass far from the axis, so it stores more energy than a disc of the same mass and diameter.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html] Eggbeaters are wide, so they sit somewhere between a vert and a drum. They also create a lot of air drag, which grows quickly with speed and can overload the weapon motor or ESC.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html]
* '''Dual or twin verts:''' two discs or bars side by side. Some spin the same way; others spin in opposite directions so their gyroscopic forces cancel when the robot turns. Two weapons need two drive systems (or a shared belt/gear), which costs weight and complexity.
* '''Overhead and arm-mounted verts''' (spinners or saws on a moving arm) are a separate, more complex family – see '''[[Weapons#Overhead spinning weapons|Weapons]]'''.

==Strengths and weaknesses==
'''Strengths'''
* '''Big, damaging hits.''' The upward strike throws opponents, causes fall damage and can break parts off.
* '''Recoil goes into the floor.''' When a vert hits, the reaction pushes the vert down into the arena floor rather than sideways, so it usually stays where it is and keeps attacking. This is a big advantage over horizontal spinners.
* '''Compact and forward-facing.''' The weapon only needs to point one way, so the robot can be short and narrow.
* '''Can self-right with the weapon.''' The gyroscopic effect lets many verts right themselves (see below).

'''Weaknesses'''
* '''Gyroscopic turning effect''' makes fast turns hard (see below).
* '''Usually not invertible.''' Upside down, the weapon hits downward, which is much less effective (see '''[[Self-Righting]]''').
* '''Only dangerous from the front.''' A fast, nimble opponent that gets to the side or back can push or flip a vert freely.
* '''Weapon-to-weapon hits''' with another vert or drum can wreck both weapons, belts and bearings.
* Big hits are hard on the vert itself. Weapon shafts, motor mounts and the frame take the same force the opponent does.

==Matchups==
Weapon matchups are often compared to rock-paper-scissors: no design beats everything, and driving and build quality usually matter more than the weapon type.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/design.html][https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html] Typical tendencies:
{| class="wikitable"
! Opponent !! How it usually goes for a vert
|-
| '''[[Horizontal Spinners|Horizontal spinner]]''' || Often favorable. The vert can hit the horizontal's blade from underneath and throw the whole robot, and its own recoil goes into the floor while the horizontal gets knocked away. A well-built horizontal can still break a vert's forks, wheels or weapon. Some builders use special vert weapons shaped to give a horizontal less to catch.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html]
|-
| '''[[Drum Spinners|Drum]]''' or another vert || Close and violent. Weapon-to-weapon hits are common, and the faster tip speed tends to win those.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html] Weapon durability and a stable chassis matter a lot.
|-
| '''[[Wedges and Control Robots|Wedge or control bot]]''' || Depends on who gets underneath. A low, strong wedge can deflect the teeth and push the vert around; a vert with good forks and a fast charge can get under the wedge's edge and launch it.
|-
| '''[[Flippers and Lifters|Flipper or lifter]]''' || A dangerous matchup. The vert can do heavy damage to the flipper's front, but if the flipper gets under it, a vert that can't self-right can lose quickly.
|-
| '''[[Hammers and Axes|Hammer or axe]]''' || Usually favorable for the vert, since hammers tend to be slower and have exposed arms, but a hammer that lands on top of the vert's weapon or electronics can do real damage.
|}

==Design considerations==
===Gyroscopic turning effect===
A vert's weapon resists changes in direction. When the robot turns, the gyroscopic force tries to tip it sideways, lifting one wheel; a quick turn with the weapon at speed can lift a wheel off the floor completely (the "gyro dance"). This reduces traction and pulls the weapon out of line.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html] Ways to tame it:[http://runamok.tech/insanity/gyroscopiceffect.html]
* '''Widen the wheelbase.''' Wheel lift depends on the square of the track width, so a wider robot is much more stable.
* '''Limit turn rate''' with dual rates or travel adjust on your transmitter (see '''[[Radios/Mixing]]''').
* '''Drive smoothly''' and make big turns with the weapon at speed, or slow the weapon before tight turns.
* On magnetic arena floors, '''chassis magnets''' near the wheels can resist the lift (check your event's rules on '''[[Magnets]]''').
* '''Counter-rotating twin weapons''' largely cancel the effect.
The '''[http://runamok.tech/insanity/gyroscopiceffect.html T.i. Combat Robotics gyroscopic effect calculator]''' (mirrored by Team Run Amok) estimates whether your design will lift a wheel.

===Self-righting with the weapon===
The same gyroscopic effect lets many verts right themselves: spin the weapon up while upside down, then turn sharply so the robot rolls over. It takes practice, and it only works while the weapon still spins. See '''[[Self-Righting]]''' for this and other srimech options. If your vert can't gyro-right, plan another method, since a vert that gets flipped and can't recover has lost.

===Invertibility===
Most verts are not truly invertible: they may drive upside down, but the weapon then hits downward. Some builders design the weapon to be usable both ways, or accept a weaker inverted hit and focus on getting back over quickly. Decide early, because it affects wheel size, chassis height and where the weapon sits.

===Front wedges and forks===
Verts need to get their teeth under the opponent's front edge. Most use '''forks''' or '''wedgelets''' (narrow prongs) or a '''wedge''' in front of the weapon to lift the opponent slightly and feed it into the teeth. Forks slid under the opponent also help stop the two robots simply bouncing apart when the hit lands.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html] Builders often carry several sets to swap between matches. See '''[[Weapons#Wedgelets|Weapons]]''' for wedgelets and '''[[Wedges and Control Robots]]''' for the other side of the fight.

===Weapon shape and teeth===
* One or two teeth give the most bite; a single counterweighted tooth lets the weapon spin faster without losing bite.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html] See '''[[Spinner Design#Bite|Bite]]'''.
* Supporting the weapon shaft on both sides is far stronger than a one-sided mount.
* See '''[[Weapon Shafts, Bearings and Mounting]]'''.

==Powering a vert in the insect classes==
''As of 2026; parts change quickly.''
* '''Brushless outrunner motors''' are the standard weapon motor at every insect weight, run from a brushless ESC (see '''[[Motors]]''', '''[[Insect Class Motors]]''' and '''[[ESCs]]'''). As a rough guide for beetleweights, Ask Aaron suggests about 150 W per pound of robot and about 6% of the robot's weight, which usually means a 28 mm or 36 mm outrunner.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html] Antweights and fairyweights use correspondingly smaller motors.
* '''Belt drive''' is the most common layout: the motor sits beside or behind the weapon and drives it with a belt, which protects the motor from impacts.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html]
* '''Direct drive''' (the weapon bolted to the motor, or the motor inside the weapon hub) is compact and common in small verts, but the motor takes every hit.
See '''[[Spinner Design#Driving the weapon|Spinner Design]]''' for the trade-offs.

==Safety==
* '''[[SPARC Robot Construction Specifications|SPARC rules]]''' require a clearly visible weapon lock whenever the robot is out of the arena, and it must be in place when you power on. Spinners must stop within 60 seconds of power being removed, using their own braking, and must not spin outside the arena or a testing area.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Robot_Construction_Specifications_v1.7.pdf] Check your event's own rules too.
* Test the weapon only in a '''[[Test Boxes|test box]]''' or arena, never on the bench. Check your '''[[Failsafes|failsafe]]''' every time you change radio settings.
* Verts throw broken teeth and parts upward and forward. Wear eye protection and keep people out of the weapon's plane.
* Battery packs take a beating in spinners; see '''[[LiPo Battery Safety]]'''.

==Famous examples==
''From BattleBots robot profiles, as of 2026.''
* '''Bite Force''' – listed as a vertical bar spinner; Champion of BattleBots Season 1 (2015).[https://battlebots.com/robot/bite-force-2018/][https://battlebots.com/robot/bite-force/]
* '''End Game''' – vertical disc spinner from New Zealand.[https://battlebots.com/robot/end-game/]
* '''HyperShock''' – vertical disc spinner.[https://battlebots.com/robot/hypershock-2019/]
* '''RIPperoni''' – vertical disc spinner.[https://battlebots.com/robot/ripperoni/]
* '''HUGE''' – vertical bar spinner.[https://battlebots.com/robot/huge/]
* '''Black Dragon''' – eggbeater spinner from Brazil.[https://battlebots.com/robot/black-dragon/]

==Open-source designs==
A few printable vertical spinners from the list on '''[[3D Printing]]''' (more there):
* '''[https://www.printables.com/model/1695935-polachrome-plastic-antweight-combat-robot Polachrome]''' (1 lb plastic ant) – 2WD vert with forks and a full build guide.
* '''[https://www.printables.com/model/146275-bite-force-tribute-3d-printed-1lb-combat-robot Tribute to Bite Force]''' (1 lb plastic ant) – with STEP and Fusion files.
* '''[https://www.printables.com/model/1432521-printed-first-measured-after-1lb-plastic-ant-comba Printed First Measured After]''' (1 lb plastic ant) – a nationally ranked design.
* '''[https://www.printables.com/model/1146226-vertical-spinner-battlebot-antweight-150-g Vertical Spinner Battlebot]''' (150 g).
* '''[https://github.com/KyleDavis2200/MicroNova MicroNova]''' (3 lb) – 4WD eggbeater with a STEP assembly.

==See also==
* '''[[Spinner Design]]''' – energy, tip speed, bite, gyroscopic effects, materials
* '''[[Drum Spinners]]''' and '''[[Horizontal Spinners]]'''
* '''[[Weapons]]''' – all weapon types
* '''[[Self-Righting]]'''
* '''[[Hardening Motors]]'''
* '''[[Test Boxes]]''', '''[[Safety]]''', '''[[Failsafes]]'''
* '''[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html Ask Aaron – Spinning Weapon FAQ]'''

Troubleshooting

2026-10-17T23:26:49Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

When a robot doesn't work, the fault is usually something simple: a flat battery, a plug in the wrong port, a setting that didn't save. This page is organised by '''symptom'''. For each one, the likely causes are listed roughly from most to least common, followed by quick checks. For background on each part, see '''[[Radios]]''', '''[[ESCs]]''', '''[[Failsafes]]''', '''[[Radios/Mixing]]''', '''[[Battery eliminator circuit (BEC)]]''' and '''[[Wiring and Soldering]]'''.

'''Safety first:''' test with the wheels off the ground and the weapon disconnected (belt off, or weapon locked) until you know the robot behaves. Spin weapons up only in a '''[[Test Boxes|test box]]'''. See '''[[Safety]]''' and '''[[LiPo Battery Safety]]'''.

__TOC__

==A general method==
# '''Charge the battery''' and check its voltage. A low battery causes all sorts of confusing faults.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/radio.html]
# '''Work along the signal path: power, then radio, then ESC, then motor.''' Is the power light on? Is the receiver powered and bound (check its LED)? Does the ESC show a ready signal (LED or beeps)? Does the motor turn when the ESC tells it to?
# '''Swap in known-good parts.''' Plug a servo into the receiver port to see if the radio is sending a signal. Swap the left and right motors or ESC channels to see whether the fault moves with the part. A spare receiver, ESC and motor in your pit kit make this quick (see '''[[Pit Kit and Event Checklist]]''').
# '''Change one thing at a time,''' and note what you changed.
# '''Re-test the failsafe''' after any fix that touched the radio, trims, mixing, ESCs or wiring (see '''[[Failsafes]]''').
# If you're still stuck, ask with details: exact models of radio, receiver, ESCs, motors and battery, and exactly what the robot does. Team Run Amok's '''[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/radio_guides.html Ask Aaron radio guides]''' cover many of these problems.

==Won't power on==
'''Likely causes:'''
* Flat or dead battery, or a battery that has been over-discharged.
* Switch or removable link not making contact, or a switch that has come unsoldered (see '''[[Switches]]''').
* A broken wire or cold solder joint at the battery connector.
* Reversed polarity has damaged the ESC (see '''[[Wiring and Soldering]]''').
'''Quick checks:''' measure the battery voltage at the robot's connector, not just at the pack. Bypass the switch with a known-good link. Wiggle wires gently while watching the power light. If something gets hot, disconnect immediately: you may have a short.

==Receiver won't bind==
'''Likely causes:'''
* Following the wrong bind procedure for that receiver, or the receiver isn't in bind mode.
* Wrong protocol, or a receiver that isn't truly compatible with the transmitter, even on the "same" protocol (see '''[[Radios]]''').
* The receiver isn't getting power. Some ESCs have no BEC, so the receiver needs its own supply.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/radio.html]
* '''ExpressLRS:''' firmware versions don't match. The first number of the version must be the same on the transmitter module and the receiver (3.x with 3.x, for example; a 3.x receiver won't bind to a 4.x transmitter). The binding phrase and regulatory domain must also match.[https://www.expresslrs.org/quick-start/binding/][https://www.expresslrs.org/faq/]
'''Quick checks:''' read the receiver's LED. On ExpressLRS, a double blink means bind mode, a slow blink means it's waiting for a transmitter, and solid means connected.[https://www.expresslrs.org/quick-start/led-status/] Check the right model memory is selected. See '''[[ExpressLRS and EdgeTX Setup]]''' for ELRS details.

==Bound, but no response==
'''Likely causes:'''
* ESCs plugged into the wrong receiver ports, or a servo plug in backwards or offset by one pin.
* The ESC needs calibrating to your radio, or is waiting for its arming signal. For example, the Repeat Robotics Dominion ESC gives a single blink about five seconds after power-up when it needs calibrating.[https://repeat-robotics.com/products/dominion-dual-brushed-drive-esc]
* '''ExpressLRS model match:''' the receiver is connected but won't output anything if the model-match settings disagree. Its LED shows three blinks then a pause.[https://www.expresslrs.org/quick-start/led-status/][https://www.expresslrs.org/quick-start/troubleshooting/]
* Dead ESC or BEC.
'''Quick checks:''' use your transmitter's channel monitor to confirm the sticks move the channels. Plug a servo into the drive port. Look up your ESC's LED meanings: for example, a FingerTech tinyESC slow-blinks red when it has no R/C signal.[https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=ft-tinyESCv2]

==Drives backwards, spins in circles, or controls are swapped==
'''Likely causes:'''
* Mixing setup: channel reversing, ESCs swapped between ports, or motor wires reversed.
* Both transmitter mixing and ESC mixing turned on at once.
'''Quick checks:''' use the '''[https://runamok.tech/RunAmok/mixfix4.html Team Run Amok Mixer Fixer]'''. Answer three questions about what the robot does and it gives you the exact fix. To reverse a single motor, swap the two leads on a brushed motor, or any two of the three leads on a brushless motor.[https://runamok.tech/RunAmok/mixfix4.html] See '''[[Radios/Mixing]]'''.

==Only one motor works==
'''Likely causes:'''
* '''Mixing is off''' (each stick axis drives one side), or '''mixing is on twice''' (transmitter and ESC). If "forward" drives one side and "right" drives the other, it's one of these.[https://runamok.tech/RunAmok/mixfix4.html] Some dual ESCs ship with their mixing disabled.[https://repeat-robotics.com/products/budget-ant-desc][https://repeat-robotics.com/products/dominion-dual-brushed-drive-esc]
* ESC plugged into the wrong receiver channel.
* A broken motor wire or solder joint, a dead motor, or a dead ESC channel.
'''Quick checks:''' if the same motor responds to both forward and right, check the wiring and receiver ports.[https://runamok.tech/RunAmok/mixfix4.html] Swap the two motors' leads at the ESC: if the fault follows the motor, it's the motor; if it stays, it's the ESC or signal.

==Brushless motor stutters, cogs or won't start==
'''Likely causes:'''
* '''Cogging:''' a sensorless ESC can't tell where the rotor is at low speed and under heavy load, so it fires the windings at the wrong time. Heavy weapons and brushless drive are the usual victims.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/motors.html]
* Low or weak battery sagging under the startup load.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/motors.html]
* ESC settings not suited to the motor or load.
* A broken or poorly soldered motor phase wire.
* Mechanical drag: a tight belt, rubbing weapon, or bent shaft.
'''Quick checks:''' charge the battery and spin the motor by hand to feel for drag. Then try the ESC settings: on BLHeli_S, higher '''commutation timing''' and '''demag compensation''' help with stutter on fast throttle changes.[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitdump/BLHeli/master/BLHeli_S%20SiLabs/BLHeli_S%20manual%20SiLabs%20Rev16.x.pdf] On Bluejay, raise the '''minimum startup power''' if the motor won't start at low throttle.[https://github.com/bird-sanctuary/bluejay/wiki/Settings] AM32 has a sinusoidal startup mode for getting larger motors up to speed.[https://github.com/am32-firmware/AM32] See '''[[ESC Firmware]]'''.

==Weapon won't start or arm==
'''Likely causes:'''
* '''The ESC didn't see zero throttle at power-up.''' Most weapon ESCs won't arm until they see a low throttle signal. BLHeli_S beeps three times at power-on, a low tone when it sees a signal, then a high tone once throttle is at zero; it won't run before that.[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitdump/BLHeli/master/BLHeli_S%20SiLabs/BLHeli_S%20manual%20SiLabs%20Rev16.x.pdf]
* The weapon switch, knob or trim isn't at its true "off" position. On some radios a switch only enables a knob, so a bumped knob breaks the arming sequence.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/radio.html]
* ESC throttle range not calibrated to your radio, or set to bidirectional when you meant one-way.
* Cogging or drag on startup (see above).
'''Quick checks:''' power on with the weapon control at zero and listen for the arming beeps. Check the channel monitor shows the weapon channel at its minimum. '''Caution:''' on BLHeli_S, powering up at full throttle starts throttle calibration, so only calibrate with the weapon removed or the belt off.[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitdump/BLHeli/master/BLHeli_S%20SiLabs/BLHeli_S%20manual%20SiLabs%20Rev16.x.pdf]

==The ESC beeps==
Beep and LED codes are '''specific to each ESC and firmware''', so check the maker's documentation rather than guessing. Common patterns:
* '''Startup beeps''' (often a tune or a count of cells) just mean it's powered.
* '''Arming beeps''' mean it saw a signal and zero throttle (see above).
* '''Repeated beeps while idle''' are often a "beacon" for finding lost aircraft. On BLHeli_S and Bluejay they start after a set time at zero throttle; a high beacon strength can heat up motors and ESCs, so turn it down or off.[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitdump/BLHeli/master/BLHeli_S%20SiLabs/BLHeli_S%20manual%20SiLabs%20Rev16.x.pdf][https://github.com/bird-sanctuary/bluejay/wiki/Settings]
* '''Continuous or unusual beeps''' often mean no signal, throttle not at zero, or a fault.
Documentation: '''[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitdump/BLHeli/master/BLHeli_S%20SiLabs/BLHeli_S%20manual%20SiLabs%20Rev16.x.pdf BLHeli_S manual]''', '''[https://github.com/bird-sanctuary/bluejay/wiki Bluejay wiki]''', '''[https://github.com/am32-firmware/AM32 AM32]''', and your ESC vendor's product page (for example the '''[https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=ft-tinyESCv2 FingerTech tinyESC LED table]''').

==Brownouts: receiver resets when the weapon spins up or the robot is hit==
A '''brownout''' is when the receiver's or ESC's supply voltage drops too low to keep working. The receiver drops its signal and the ESCs restart their startup sequence, leaving you a sitting duck.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/radio.html]

'''Likely causes:'''
* '''Battery sag:''' a small, old or under-charged battery can't supply the weapon's startup current, so the whole system's voltage dips.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/radio.html]
* '''BEC overloaded:''' by servos or a power-hungry receiver. Some ESC BECs supply less current at higher battery voltages.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/radio.html]
* Some ESCs reset when they take a hard hit, which looks like a brownout.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/radio.html]
* More than one BEC feeding the receiver.
'''Quick checks and fixes:''' use a fresh, well-rated battery. Ramp the weapon up instead of slamming full throttle. A capacitor across the power pins of a spare receiver port can hold the receiver voltage up during short dips.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/radio.html] Power the receiver from one stand-alone BEC and disconnect the others, unless your ESCs are designed to share (see '''[[Battery eliminator circuit (BEC)]]''').[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/radio.html]

==Twitches at neutral, hums, or creeps==
'''Likely causes:'''
* Transmitter trim not matching the ESC's neutral point.
* ESC not calibrated to the radio's range (see your ESC's manual; the tinyESC has a calibrate routine, for example).[https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=ft-tinyESCv2]
* Unequal motor start-up, so one side moves first.
* Electrical noise or a loose signal plug.
'''Quick checks:''' center the trims, then calibrate the ESCs. For unequal start-up, prop the wheels up and use '''subtrim''' on the slower side until both start together.[https://runamok.tech/RunAmok/zigzag.html] The '''[[Radios]]''' page covers humming and creeping in more detail. '''Re-set and re-test your failsafe afterwards.'''

==Failsafe doesn't work==
Don't fight with a robot that fails this test. The usual causes are channels left on "hold", the ExpressLRS default putting a one-way weapon ESC at half throttle, or a failsafe stored with sticks or trims away from "stopped". See '''[[Failsafes]]''' for the full list and test procedure.

==Motors or ESCs overheating==
'''Likely causes:'''
* '''Too much load:''' a heavy weapon, too little reduction, or too high a voltage for the motor.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/motors.html]
* '''Stalls:''' pushing matches, a jammed weapon, or binding gearboxes. ESCs without current limiting can be damaged by long stalls.[https://repeat-robotics.com/products/budget-ant-desc]
* Brushless drive motors run at low RPM for long periods overheat quickly.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/motors.html]
* ESC too small for the motor, or mounted with no airflow (see '''[[ESCs]]''').
* High beacon beep strength (see above).
'''Quick checks:''' feel the motor and ESC after a timed run. Spin everything by hand for drag. Reduce load by lowering voltage or increasing the reduction.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/motors.html] If the robot slowly loses power mid-match, it may be ESC thermal protection kicking in.[https://github.com/bird-sanctuary/bluejay/wiki/FAQ] See '''[[Speed Reduction]]''' and '''[[Insect Class Motors]]'''.

==Battery puffing or voltage sag==
'''Likely causes:'''
* Drawing more current than the pack can deliver, over-discharging it, or heat (including leaving it in the sun).[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/radio.html]
* A pack that's too small. Safe current is roughly the C rating times the capacity in amp-hours: 30C × 0.3 Ah = 9 A.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/radio.html]
* An aging pack that can no longer deliver its rated current.
'''What to do:''' a puffy LiPo is damaged. '''Don't use it or charge it''' – retire it safely as described in '''[[LiPo Battery Safety]]'''.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/LiPo_FAQ.html] For sag, use a bigger or higher-rated pack (see '''[[Batteries]]'''). Most builders disable the ESC's low-voltage cutoff so the robot doesn't shut down mid-fight, which makes it more important to size the battery properly.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/radio.html]

==Intermittent loss of signal==
'''Likely causes:'''
* '''Antenna blocked or damaged:''' metal and carbon fiber block radio signals. Antennas laid flat against metal, cut, or crushed in a hit receive poorly.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/reception.html]
* '''Brownouts''' (see above).
* '''Loose plugs:''' servo plugs that work loose in hits.
* Electrical noise from motors and ESCs.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/reception.html]
'''Quick checks:''' get the antenna out of the metal box, or behind a plastic window, and don't change its length. Keep the receiver away from ESCs and motors, keep power wires short, and add 0.1 µF capacitors across brushed motor terminals.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/reception.html] Secure plugs with hot glue or tape (see '''[[Wiring and Soldering]]'''). If your radio has telemetry, watch the signal and receiver voltage while driving.

==Wheels slip or the robot is slow==
'''Likely causes:'''
* '''Radio limits:''' end points, dual rates or mix rates below 100%. Some transmitters' built-in mixes give each channel only part of its travel.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/radio.html]
* ESC not calibrated to the radio's full stick range.
* Low battery or voltage sag.
* '''Not enough weight on the drive wheels.''' Pushing force depends on the weight on the driven wheels and the tire grip, not motor power. A rule of thumb for two-wheel robots is around 65% of the weight on the wheels.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/design.html][https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/ants.html]
* '''Four-wheel scrub:''' four-wheel-drive robots drag their wheels sideways in turns, which makes them sluggish.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/design.html]
* Hard, worn or dusty tires, or the wrong gearing (see '''[[Drive Systems]]''').
'''Quick checks:''' look at the channel monitor at full stick to check for full travel. Check the tires and keep them clean. Work out your expected top speed using the formula on '''[[Drive Systems]]'''.

==See also==
* '''[[Radios]]''', '''[[Radios/Mixing]]''' and '''[[ExpressLRS and EdgeTX Setup]]'''
* '''[[ESCs]]''' and '''[[ESC Firmware]]'''
* '''[[Failsafes]]'''
* '''[[Battery eliminator circuit (BEC)]]''', '''[[Batteries]]''' and '''[[LiPo Battery Safety]]'''
* '''[[Wiring and Soldering]]''', '''[[Connectors]]''' and '''[[Switches]]'''
* '''[[Test Boxes]]''' and '''[[Pit Kit and Event Checklist]]'''
* '''[[Repairs Between Matches]]'''
* '''[[Safety]]'''

Tools For Beginners

2026-10-17T23:26:48Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

There are a few things that all builders, even people using [https://robotcombatwiki.com/wiki/Kits robot kits], will need. If you don't already have some of these tools you should strongly consider getting them.

[[File:Solder_Station.jpg|thumb|Weller Solder Station]]
==Soldering Irons & Stations==
Soldering is the process of heating and melting soft metal to join wires to terminals and circuit boards, as well as each other. You'll have to learn how to solder in order to get solid, reliable connections that will withstand the impacts, shock and vibration typical in robot combat. '''[https://www.makerspaces.com/how-to-solder/ Beginner's guides]''' will help you with the basics.

===Workbench soldering===
A good, temperature-controlled soldering iron or station is a must. However, there are a lot of inexpensive and poor quality soldering tools out there that will hinder you from becoming proficient at good electrical connections. Consider getting a quality soldering station from a major manufacturer like Weller or Hakko. If you're making small bots, get a small conical tip for the iron. There are a lot of '''[https://makeradvisor.com/best-soldering-irons-beginners-hobbyists/ online guides]''' comparing soldering stations that may help you find the best one for you.

[[File:Solder iron Generic portable.png|thumb|right|Cheap generic soldering iron that snaps onto a power tool battery]]
===Portable soldering===
You may find you have to make wiring repairs in "the pits" in between matches at an event. Most events offer power outlets for your soldering station, but sometimes you may be relegated to outdoor use only, or encounter other venue restrictions where having your own portable soldering tool is very convenient. Home center suppliers and online stores have cordless soldering tools that use power tool battery packs. In addition, there are various super-portable lightweight irons on the market such as the '''[https://pine64.com/product/pinecil-smart-mini-portable-soldering-iron/ Pinecil]''', and various TS100 or TS101 models. These run on DC power from any source you can tap, such as your car, larger robot battery packs, and even a '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_hardware#USB_Power_Delivery USB PD]''' charger or power bank.

===Supplies for soldering===
Use only rosin-core solder for electronics. Leaded 60/40 solder (60% tin, 40% lead) is easier to use for beginners. It melts readily, helping you to avoid overheating and damaging components. The more difficult option is lead-free solder.

Use a dry brass sponge for cleaning the tip of the iron. This little bundle of wire wool often comes in a weighted holder for easy use. Push the end of the iron into the brass to scrape it clean, and re-tin it with a touch of solder before use or storage.

Consider getting a '''[https://makeradvisor.com/best-helping-hands-for-soldering Helping Hands]'''-type tool to hold your work while you solder; holding (for example) a wire, a motor, the solder, and the soldering iron can be difficult with two hands. Helping Hands will hold the pieces you are soldering, so you can concentrate on just getting a good solder joint.

There are many 3D printable soldering conveniences that can help you stay organized and ready for action.

==Wire Cutters - Strippers==
[[File:Wire_Stripper.jpg|thumb|Wire Cutter / Stripping tool]]
While you could get by with a pair of scissors to cut wires and a sharp knife to strip off insulation, it can be difficult to strip the insulation without damaging the underlying wire. A proper wire stripper will make this job easier. A pliers-style wire stripper (as shown) is quick and convenient; choose one that can handle the sizes of wire you are using.

Squeeze-action 'automatic' wire strippers tend to work better for larger wires. These have a tension adjustment, and they will nick or break wires if the tension is set too high.

==Drivers / Wrenches==
Nearly all bots use some fasteners to hold things together. Hex key or Allen key fasteners are the most popular since the fastener heads aren't as susceptible to damage as Phillips head fasteners. These come in many different styles and lengths for different uses. If your bot design requires you to remove a lot of fasteners to access the internals, consider getting a set that can attach to an electric drill or screwdriver.

==Drills==
Electric drills are needed to make holes, to prepare material to be tapped (threaded for fasteners), and can also be used to quickly take your bot apart and put it together while making repairs and changes during an event. The quality and price of drills cover a huge range. Cheap drills are fine if you are only drilling aluminum or plastic, but they don't tend to last as long. If you are going to be drilling into steel or titanium you should get a higher quality drill from a brand name company. Consider getting a spare battery so that you won't run out of power during an event. While drills can be used to insert or remove fasteners from your bot, a large drill can be awkward to use with tiny robots; consider getting an electric screwdriver instead.

==Cutting tools==
Being able to cut material is important when creating and repairing your robot. There are many manual and electric cutting tools available. One that is useful for all robots of all sizes is a rotary tool or Dremel. Although rotary tools have many different blades and wheels for cutting, abrasive disks are particularly useful. For drilling, tapping, cutting and bending parts by hand, see '''[[Hand Tools and Basic Machining]]'''.

==3D printer==
[[File:Original-prusa-i3-mk3s-3d-printer.jpg|thumb|Desktop 3D printer]]
A 3D printer, which produces plastic parts under computer control, can be a helpful tool. 3D printing is normally done as part of preparation or building, rather than during a competition, and so you might be able to borrow one or use a service in order to print your bot parts. See [[3D Printing]] page for more details.

Spinner Design

2026-10-17T23:26:48Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

Spinning weapons are the most common weapon type in robot combat, because they store a lot of energy and release it in a single hit. This page explains the basic physics behind spinner design, and the trade-offs builders make. For the different kinds of spinners see '''[[Vertical Spinners]]''', '''[[Horizontal Spinners]]''', '''[[Drum Spinners]]''' and '''[[Weapons]]'''.

''Safety: a spinning weapon stores a lot of energy even in small classes. Only spin it up inside an arena or a '''[[Test Boxes|test box]]''', always use a weapon lock outside the arena, and follow the '''[[SPARC Robot Construction Specifications]]''' (for example, spinners must stop within 60 seconds of losing power).''

__TOC__

==Stored energy==
A spinner works like a flywheel: the motor slowly builds up energy, and the weapon dumps much of it into the opponent when it hits. The energy stored is:

:'''KE = ½ × I × ω²'''

where '''I''' is the weapon's [[Glossary#M|moment of inertia]] (MOI) and '''ω''' is its speed in radians per second (RPM × 2π ÷ 60).

Two things follow from this formula:
* '''Speed counts twice.''' Doubling the speed gives four times the energy. But speed is limited by how fast the motor can spin the weapon up, by the weapon's strength, and by bite (see below).
* '''Mass far from the center counts most.''' MOI depends on how far the mass is from the axis, squared. A ring or bar with heavy ends stores much more energy than a solid disc of the same weight and size.

Approximate MOI for common shapes (mass ''m'', radius ''r'', length ''L''):
{| class="wikitable"
! Shape !! MOI
|-
| Solid disc or drum (spinning around its axis) || ½ m r²
|-
| Thin ring or hollow drum || m r²
|-
| Bar (spinning around its middle) || 1&frasl;12 m L²
|}
Real weapons are a mix of shapes. CAD software can calculate MOI exactly, and online calculators such as '''[http://runamok.tech/RunAmok/spincalc.html Run Amok's SpinCalc]''' and the '''[https://bristolbotbuilders.com/tools/tipspeed/ Bristol Bot Builders tip speed and KE calculator]''' estimate energy and spin-up time. See '''[[OnlineTools]]''' for more.

==Tip speed==
Tip speed is how fast the outermost point of the weapon is moving:
:Tip speed (ft/s) ≈ RPM × diameter (inches) × 0.00436

Typical full-combat spinners run at tip speeds of a few hundred feet per second. Some classes limit tip speed: for example, the SPARC '''[[Sportsman Classes|Sportsman]]''' rules allow only 20 ft/s (see '''[[SPARC Restricted Class Regulations]]'''), and some events limit tip speed or weapon energy for their arena.

==Bite==
Bite is how deep a tooth can reach into the opponent before it hits. With more bite, the tooth lands squarely and transfers more energy; with too little, it skips off the surface and the hit is a glancing blow.

Bite depends on how far the robots close in during the time between one tooth and the next:
:'''Bite = closing speed ÷ (RPM ÷ 60 × number of teeth)'''

Example: a closing speed of 10 ft/s (120 in/s), a weapon at 6,000 RPM (100 revolutions per second), and 2 teeth means 200 tooth passes per second, so each tooth gets about 120 ÷ 200 = 0.6 in of bite.

This is why many spinners use only one or two teeth, and why running a weapon faster isn't always better: past a certain speed you gain energy but lose bite.

==Spin-up time==
A heavier or faster weapon takes longer to reach full speed. During that time it's vulnerable, and after every big hit it has to spin up again. A weapon that reaches most of its speed in a second or two is often more useful than a bigger one that needs much longer. Spin-up time depends on the motor's power and torque, the gearing or belt ratio, the battery and ESC's ability to deliver current, and the weapon's MOI.

==Gyroscopic effects==
A fast-spinning weapon resists being tilted, like a gyroscope. When the robot turns, the weapon pushes back by trying to tip the robot sideways or lift one side:
* '''Vertical spinners and drums''' are affected most. When they turn quickly, the robot can lift onto one wheel, which makes driving harder. Some robots use this effect deliberately to self-right, sometimes called a "gyro dance."
* '''Horizontal spinners''' are mostly affected when the robot is tipped up, for example by riding up an opponent's wedge, which can make them tumble.
* Stiffer frames and well-supported weapon shafts and bearings handle the forces better. Drivers learn to turn more smoothly with the weapon at speed.

==Driving the weapon==
* '''Direct drive''': the motor spins the weapon directly, or the motor sits inside the weapon (common in drums and some insect spinners). Compact, but the motor takes every impact.
* '''Belt drive''': a belt connects motor and weapon. The belt acts as a clutch and shock absorber, protecting the motor, and lets you change the ratio. Belts can slip or be cut.
* '''Gear or chain drive''': stronger, less slip, but no shock absorption.
* Protect the weapon motor from impact loads; see '''[[Hardening Motors#Supporting the motor|Hardening Motors]]'''.

Brushless motors are the standard choice for spinning weapons because of their power for their weight (see '''[[Motors]]''' and '''[[ESCs]]''').

==Weapon construction==
* '''Materials:''' weapons need to be tough, not just hard. Shock-resistant tool steels such as S7, hardened to about 54 HRC, are a popular choice for teeth and blades, while 4130/4140 chromoly and hardened AR steels are used too.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html] Plastic and printed weapons are common in 150 g and plastic classes.
* '''Balance:''' an unbalanced weapon vibrates, wastes energy, and loads the bearings. Balance it carefully, and re-check it after any damage.
* '''Bearings and shafts:''' the weapon's shaft and bearings take the full force of every hit. Supporting the weapon on both sides is much stronger than mounting it on one side only. See '''[[Weapon Shafts, Bearings and Mounting]]''' for details.
* '''Teeth:''' fewer teeth give more bite; replaceable teeth make repairs easier.

==Further reading==
* '''[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html Ask Aaron – Spinning Weapon Design FAQ]''' (Team Run Amok)
* '''[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html Ask Aaron – Materials and Components]''' (Team Run Amok)
* '''[[Vertical Spinners]]''', '''[[Horizontal Spinners]]''', '''[[Drum Spinners]]''' – guides to each spinner type
* '''[[Weapon Shafts, Bearings and Mounting]]''' – shafts, bearings, belts and motor mounts
* '''[[Weapons]]''' – types of spinning weapons and their uses
* '''[[Melty Brain]]''' – full-body spinners that can drive while spinning
* '''[[Hardening Motors]]''' – protecting motors from impacts

SPARC Judging Guidelines

2026-10-17T23:26:47Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

The '''SPARC Judging Guidelines''' explain how judges score a match that ends without a knock-out, tap-out or other elimination. It is one of the '''[[SPARC]]''' documents.

'''Current version:''' {{SPARC Judging Guidelines}}

''This summary is based on v1.3 (21 September 2025). It is an overview only – always check the current document and your event's own rules.''

==Overview==
When a match isn't decided in the arena, each judge awards points and the robot with the most points in total wins. Judges' decisions are final. The guidelines offer two scoring systems, and each event chooses which one to use.

==Damage and Engagement criteria==
'''Damage (4 points)''' is about the state of each robot at the end of the match. Judges grade each robot from tier A (no damage, cosmetic damage, or minor damage to purely ablative armor) to tier E (significant impairment of both drive and weapon systems), ignoring damage it arrived with. The difference between the two grades sets the split:
* 0–1 tiers apart: 2–2
* 2 tiers apart: 3–1
* 3 or more tiers apart: 4–0

'''Engagement (5 points)''' is about which robot controlled the flow of the fight by bringing the fight to its opponent. Attacking, chasing, pinning and getting the opponent stuck count for a robot; sitting and waiting or running away count against it. Brief resets, self-righting and missed attacks are neutral, and a slower robot isn't marked down just for being slow. Splits are 3–2, 4–1 or 5–0.

==Damage, Control, and Aggression criteria==
The alternative system (previously called the "Standard Judging Criteria") awards 17 points per judge:
* '''Aggression (5 points)''' – how much each robot attacks. Robots must move toward the opponent to earn points, and there are no ties in aggression. A robot that drives into a full-body spinner's weapon reach is automatically treated as the aggressor when the match would otherwise be scored 3–2.
* '''Control (6 points)''' – using the robot or arena against the opponent without relying on weapon damage, such as pushing into hazards, flipping, or stalling the opponent's weapon. A spinner getting its weapon back up to speed also counts.
* '''Damage (6 points)''' – how much each robot's function is reduced. Judges are told to look past sparks and dramatic-looking scratches, and focus on damage that actually affects how a robot works.

==See also==
* '''[[Rules#Judging Systems|Judging Systems]]''' – other ways events judge matches
* '''[[SPARC Match Rules]]'''
* '''[[Strategy and Tactics]]''' – what the judging rules mean for how you drive

{{SPARC documents}}

Robot Combat History and TV

2026-10-17T23:26:47Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

Robot combat grew from a single event in San Francisco in the 1990s into a worldwide sport with TV shows, streamed leagues and hundreds of local events each year. This page gives a short history and an overview of the major shows and leagues. Most builders today compete at '''[[Events|local events]]''', many of which are part of the '''[[Robot Combat League]]'''.

__TOC__

==Timeline==
* '''1992–1994''' – Marc Thorpe conceives '''Robot Wars''' and holds the first event in 1994 at Fort Mason Center in San Francisco. Untelevised US events run until 1997.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Wars_(TV_series)]
* '''1998''' – '''Robot Wars''' launches as a TV show in the UK on BBC Two (February 1998).
* '''1999''' – After a split with Robot Wars, Greg Munson and Trey Roski hold the first '''BattleBots''' event in Long Beach, California, in August 1999.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BattleBots]
* '''2000–2002''' – BattleBots airs on Comedy Central for five seasons.
* '''2001–2002''' – '''Robotica''' airs on TLC for three seasons.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotica_(TV_series)]
* '''2003–2004''' – Robot Wars' original UK run ends after Series 7 on Channel 5.
* '''2004''' – '''RoboGames''' (originally ROBOlympics) begins in the San Francisco Bay Area.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboGames]
* '''2015–2016''' – BattleBots returns on ABC.
* '''2016–2017''' – Robot Wars returns on BBC Two for three more series (Series 8–10).
* '''2018''' – BattleBots moves to Discovery and Science Channel. '''King of Bots''' premieres in China. The '''National Havoc Robot League (NHRL)''' holds its first event in Norwalk, Connecticut.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Havoc_Robot_League]
* '''2023''' – BattleBots World Championship VII (season 12) is won by SawBlaze.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BattleBots_season_12]
* '''2026''' – BattleBots launches the '''BattleBots Pro League''', streaming free on YouTube. NHRL signs a streaming deal with DAZN.

==TV shows==
===Robot Wars===
The UK '''Robot Wars''' (1998–2004, revived 2016–2017) made robot combat famous in Britain, with presenters including Craig Charles, Philippa Forrester, Dara Ó Briain and Angela Scanlon. It introduced many robot combat terms, such as "srimech" (see '''[[Self-Righting]]'''), and featured house robots and arena hazards. US spin-offs aired on TNN and Nickelodeon.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Wars_(TV_series)]

===BattleBots===
'''BattleBots''' is the best-known robot combat show in the US, fought mainly with 250 lb heavyweights. After its Comedy Central run (2000–2002), it returned on ABC (2015–2016) and then Discovery and Science Channel from 2018, with spin-offs such as ''BattleBots: Bounty Hunters'' and ''BattleBots: Champions''.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BattleBots] In 2026 it launched the '''[https://battlebots.com/proleague/ BattleBots Pro League]''', a 20-episode series streaming free on the BattleBots YouTube channel, and it runs live shows in Las Vegas.[https://battlebots.com/]

===Other shows===
* '''Robotica''' (TLC, 2001–2002) – robots competed in obstacle-course challenges as well as fights.
* '''Robot Combat League''' (Syfy, 2013) – a show with giant humanoid robots controlled by exosuits. ''Not to be confused with today's '''[[Robot Combat League]]''', a federation of local events.''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Combat_League]
* '''King of Bots''' (Zhejiang TV, from 2018) – billed as China's first robot combat show.[https://qz.com/1219980/chinas-reality-tv-programming-is-being-taken-over-by-robots-and-ai]

==Leagues and events today==
* '''[[Events|Local events]]''' – most competition happens at local events run by clubs and groups, usually in the insect classes. Many use the '''[[SPARC]]''' rules. You can find events on '''[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/ RobotCombatEvents.com]''', a free listing and registration site that also publishes rankings.
* '''[[Robot Combat League]]''' – a national federation that ranks robots from local events and invites top robots to a National Championship each year.[https://robotcombatleague.net/]
* '''NHRL''' – the National Havoc Robot League runs regular tournaments for 3, 12 and 30 lb robots in Norwalk, Connecticut, livestreamed, with cash prizes and a World Championship each year. NHRL uses its own '''[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=NHRL_Rules rules]'''.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Havoc_Robot_League]
* '''RoboGames''' – a long-running Bay Area event with combat and other robot competitions. It took a break after 2018 and returned in 2023.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboGames]
* '''UK and Europe''' – most events follow the '''[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/ Fighting Robot Association]''' rules (see '''[[Rules]]''').
* See '''[[Major Competitions]]''' for how to enter these events today.

==See also==
* '''[[Rules]]''' – rule sets used around the world
* '''[[RobotCommunity|Communities]]''' – groups, social media and video channels
* '''[[Local Groups]]'''
* '''[[Robot Combat League]]'''

RobotClasses

2026-10-17T23:26:46Z

RobotRobot: Link new class pages; update BattleBots non-wheeled weight rule to 2027 design rules

To keep matches fair, robots compete against others that are in a similar "class." The most common distinction is the weight class. Builders must be aware of which classes are allowed in the '''[[Events|events]]''' they participate in. Some robot classes are very popular while others are very rare; before you build a 6lb Mantisweight bot be sure that your chosen event runs that weight class.

[[File:Robot_Weight_Classes.jpg|thumb|1 pound Antweight to 60 pound Lightweight]]
=Weight Classes=

Weight class restricts the maximum fighting weight allowed for a robot.

'''Caution:''' Terms such as "Antweight" and "Beetleweight" differ across event regions as shown below.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Robot Weight Classes
|-
! Class !! [[SPARC]] (USA) !! [https://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/ FRA] (UK) !! Special
|-
| Fleaweight || -- || -- || 75g at some events
|-
| [[Fairyweight]] || 150g || -- || --
|-
| [[Antweight]] || 1lb || 150g (0.33 lb) || --
|-
| [[Beetleweight]] || 3lb || 1.5kg (3.3 lb) || --
|-
| Mantisweight || -- || -- || 6lb at some events
|-
| [[Hobbyweight]] || 12lb || -- || Also [https://www.nhrl.io/ NHRL]
|-
| Dogeweight || -- || -- || 15lb, [https://gonrl.org/ National Robotics League]
|-
| [[Featherweight]] || 30lb || 13.6kg (30lb) || --
|-
| [[Lightweight]] || 60lb || 30kg (66.1 lb) || --
|-
| [[Middleweight]] || 120lb || 55kg (121lb) || --
|-
| [[Heavyweight]] || 242.5lb (110kg), "UK Heavyweight" || 110kg (242.5 lb) || 220lb at some events
|-
| TV-Heavyweight || 250lb, "US Heavyweight" || -- || [https://battlebots.com/ BattleBots®] – see [[Heavyweight]]
|}

Often weight bonuses will be offered for specific design features. For example, the '''[[SPARC Robot Construction Specifications]]''' allow bots to be 25% heavier if they shuffle instead of roll, 50% heavier for non-traditional locomotion (such as bristle or vibration drives, gyro walkers, and hovercraft), or double weight for bots which fully qualify as Walker (able to walk without rolling or cam-operated mechanics). Likewise, BattleBots may grant extra weight to robots that don't use wheels: a walker must move on articulated legs only, and other unusual mobility designs may be allowed up to 500.0 pounds case by case, with pre-approval required.[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/BattleBots-Design-Rules-Rev.-2027.01.pdf] Sometimes autonomous features may qualify for weight bonus.

Weight classes may include size restrictions; for example, 150g Antweight (UK) is generally required to fit within a 100x100x100mm cube. Read the event '''[[Rules|rules]]''' for details.

=Weapon Restricted Classes=
These robot classes align with an existing weight class, but have further restrictions on what [[Weapons|weapons]] can be used as well as other possible restrictions on things like using ground-scraping wedges. These are often chosen for events where they don't have an arena that can safely contain a full-combat robot; for example, spinning weapons may be forbidden, or limited in kinetic energy.

Before entering this type of competition, please read your event's rules to understand the restrictions.

==Non-Destructive Class==
Robots in non-destructive classes are not allowed to use saws, piercing weapons, fire, etc. to damage other bots. Flipping, throwing, and impact damage are permitted. There is normally a pit available so that robots without active weapons (wedges) can knock their opponents out of the arena. This is ideal for builders who don't want their creations so easily destroyed.

Other classes may be labeled "full combat" or "destructive" for clarity.

==Sportsman Class==
Under the '''[[SPARC Restricted Class Regulations]]''', robots in the '''[[Sportsman Classes|Sportsman class]]''' may have only one passive wedge (active wedges are unlimited), and spinning weapons are limited to a tip speed of 20 ft/s except when the tooth pitch is fine enough to qualify them as saws or saw-like weapons; drills are also permitted. These rules, as well as any additional restrictions that may apply, serve to limit weapon energy and force, and therefore limit damage to the arena and injury to participants and the audience. Event rules may vary according to the arena itself, and must be studied by all competitors in this class.

=Construction Restricted Classes=
These classes place restrictions on construction materials and methods.

==Plastic Ant==
In an effort to make robot building more accessible the '''[[Plastic_Antweights|plastic antweight]]''' class was started by '''[https://westernalliedrobotics.com Western Allied Robotics]'''. These robots are primarily 3d printed but can be fabricated out of approved plastics. The robot class became popular and the rules were adopted by '''[[SPARC]]''' (see the '''[[SPARC Restricted Class Regulations]]''').

==Termiteweight==
There are kits to construct combat robots from laser-cut wood pieces. They have all the parts needed to construct the robot and the transmitter, but no spares in case of damage. This type of bot is humorously known as "termite weight," and while they could in theory be entered into organized competition in the 1lb class, they have many serious disadvantages compared to normal 1lb opponents, such as plastic motor gears, lower battery capacity, and slower battery charging (or non-rechargeable batteries). Termite kits are fun, but are unlikely to succeed against more robust bots.

==Lego==
You can also build combat robots with Lego® bricks, motors, and remote controls. (Select non-Lego components such as BuWizz parts may be permitted.) Brick fan and builder community events such as BrickFair showcase Lego combat bots with most of the common combat robot weapons, each designed with structures for optimal defense against hard impacts.

These events have their own rules (for example, the BattleBricks rules, or the CRBL or '''[https://discord.com/invite/yyZHyqXS8M Combat Robotics Brick League]''' rules). Since weight classes, weight bonuses, parts selection, etc. are so different, and because they are unlikely to survive an encounter with a regular combat robot of a similar weight, these won't be covered in this wiki.

=Technology Restricted Classes=

==Autonomous==
This very unusual restriction requires builders to compete with robots that can find their opponents, drive themselves where needed, and make their own decisions about how to attack. Remote control of the robot is not allowed while the match is in progress. This can be done with simple sensors that cause the robot to travel all over the area and attack whatever they bump into. It is more effective using open-source machine vision, combined with either basic algorithms, machine learning, or even AI. Robotic mapping can be used to either use or avoid the arena boundaries to best effect.

=Historic Weight Classes=
120 lb was the competition class for high school and collegiate educational program '''BattleBots IQ'''. Later the program added a 15 lb Mini Class bot competition; 120 lb became Large Class.

Heavyweight bots have historically varied from 100-110kg, and there was once a 340 pound Super Heavyweight Battlebots class.

'''[https://robotwars.fandom.com/wiki/Weight_Classes This article]''' covers much of the history of weight classes in robot combat.

'''[https://www.teamdelta.com/roboglad/index.html Learn about the original 1999 Lego Robogladiators]''' from Dan at Team Delta.

{{SPARC documents}}

Pit Kit and Event Checklist

2026-10-17T23:26:46Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

Your first robot combat event is a lot more fun if you arrive with a working robot, the right spares and a rough idea of how the day runs. This page covers what to bring, how registration and safety inspection usually work, what happens on event day, and pit etiquette. Every event is a little different, so always read your event's own information and rules.

__TOC__

==Before the event==
* '''Finish your robot early.''' A robot that isn't working a week before the event often fails safety inspection.[https://makezine.com/article/technology/robotics/10-rules-to-win-at-robot-combat/] Test it, drive it, and fix problems at home.
* '''Register.''' Most US events take registrations on '''[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/ RobotCombatEvents.com]''': create an account, create a team (even if it's just you), add your robot in the right weight class, then find the event and register for the class.[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/registration_help]
* '''Read the rules.''' Check which rules the event uses ('''[[SPARC]]''', NHRL or its own), and any local changes, such as limits on weapons or magnets.
* '''Check your robot against the rules''' with a home checklist like the one below.
* '''Practice driving''' (see '''[[Driving Practice]]''').

===Home safety checklist===
Before you pack, check that:
* Your robot is under the weight limit, weighed in its heaviest configuration (including the weapon lock if it stays on).
* The power switch or removable link works, and you can reach it quickly (SPARC: within 15 seconds) without putting your hands near the weapon.
* A power light shows when the robot is on (required by SPARC; check your event's rules).
* The '''[[Failsafes|failsafe]]''' stops both drive and weapon when you switch off the transmitter.
* Your weapon lock is brightly colored or tagged, stops the weapon, and can't fall out.
* Batteries are protected, and there's no exposed wiring.
* Spinning weapons stop within the rule limit after power is cut (SPARC: 60 seconds).
* Sharp edges have covers for carrying the robot around the pits.
The '''[https://bristolbotbuilders.com/tools/checklist/ Bristol Bot Builders tech check checklist]''' is a good printable example (written for UK rules).

==What to bring==
===Essentials===
* Your robot, weapon lock, and something to block it up on the pit table so the wheels can't touch.
* Your transmitter, with spare transmitter batteries or a charged transmitter.
* At least two sets of robot batteries, ideally three or four: one in the robot, one charging, and spares. Charging can take 20 minutes or more, and some events run many fights in a day.[https://robotsmashingleague.com/blog/posts/how-many-spares-should-you-bring-to-a-combat-robot-competition]
* A balance charger and power supply, plus a LiPo bag or metal container for charging (some events require one). See '''[[LiPo Battery Safety]]'''.
* A power strip or extension cord.
* Safety glasses.

===Spares===
At a minimum, bring spare drive motors, wheels and a battery.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/events.html] Ideally also:
* Spare weapon parts (blades, teeth, belts) and armor panels.
* A spare receiver and ESCs. If you swap them at the event, re-test your failsafe.
* Extra screws, nuts and other hardware.
* Foam wheels can need replacing every match or two.
Many builders bring a second copy of their robot, or pre-built modules for quick repairs. Check whether your event allows a spare robot; under SPARC rules a spare must be identical and pass inspection too.

===Tools and supplies===
* The tools to take your robot apart and rebuild it: hex keys or drivers in the sizes you use, small pliers, flush cutters, wire strippers.
* A soldering iron and solder, heat-shrink tubing, and a lighter or heat gun.
* Tape (electrical and gaffer), zip ties, threadlocker, quick-setting glue, hot glue.
* A small scale, to check weight after repairs.
* A multimeter.
* Labels: many drivers label their transmitter (for example which way is forward) with tape.
Keep it compact – pit tables are small. Some events, such as NHRL, have a shared workshop, a store and a parts exchange, so you won't need big tools.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=New_Builder_Guide]

==Safety inspection==
Every robot goes through a safety inspection ("tech check") before it fights. Inspectors typically check:
* Weight.
* Power switch or link, and the power light.
* Weapon lock.
* Failsafe for drive and weapon, often tested in a test box.
* Weapon spin-down time.
* Edge covers, battery protection and wiring.
Be ready to explain how everything on your robot works: under SPARC, builders must tell inspectors about all operating principles and dangers.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Robot_Construction_Specifications_v1.7.pdf] If you fail, you can usually fix the problem and try again. Being overweight and inadequate weapon locks are among the most common problems.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=New_Builder_Guide]

Robots can also be re-weighed at any time during an event (see '''[[SPARC Tournament Procedures]]''').

==Event day==
A typical day goes something like this:
# '''Arrive and set up''' when the pits open, and check in.
# '''Pass safety inspection.''' Don't leave it to the last minute; some events give your place to a reserve if you haven't passed in time.
# '''Drivers' meeting''' – the schedule, rules and safety procedures. Don't miss it.
# '''Brackets are posted.''' Many events use online bracket software; find your matches and keep an eye on the schedule.
# '''When you're called,''' bring your robot (switched off, weapon locked) and transmitter to the arena queue.
# '''Load in''' following the event's procedure, usually based on the '''[[SPARC Match Rules]]''': transmitter on, robot on, weapon lock off last, then everyone leaves the arena before anything moves.
# '''Fight!'''
# '''Load out:''' weapon locked, robot off, transmitter off, then back to the pits to repair and recharge. Under SPARC rules, robots of 150 g to 6 lb get at least 20 minutes between matches, and heavier robots at least 30.
# '''At the end,''' clean up your pit table.

==Pit etiquette==
* Follow the event's safety rules at your table: robots blocked up, weapons locked, '''no driving in the pits''', and never leave batteries charging unattended.
* Be aware of the people around you, especially when using tools or carrying robots.
* Listen to the arena staff and don't rush. Going slowly never gets you a safety warning; rushing might.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=New_Builder_Guide]
* Be a good sport, win or lose – see the unsportsmanlike conduct rules in the '''[[SPARC Tournament Procedures]]'''.
* Help others and ask for help. Builders often lend or swap parts, and most are happy to share advice.
* After you're knocked out, keep watching – you'll learn a lot.

==NHRL==
'''NHRL''' events run on their own rules, with their own inspection (including mobility and weapon tests) and procedures. If you're going, read the '''[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=New_Builder_Guide NHRL New Builder Guide]''' and the '''[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=NHRL_Rules NHRL rules]'''. Because the competition level is very high, many experienced builders suggest starting at a local event first.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/events.html]
See '''[[Major Competitions]]''' for NHRL registration and other big events.

==Further reading==
* '''[[Repairs Between Matches]]''' – a post-match routine and quick fixes
* '''[https://bristolbotbuilders.com/tools/first/ Bristol Bot Builders – Competing at your first event]'''
* '''[https://makezine.com/article/technology/robotics/10-rules-to-win-at-robot-combat/ Make: – 10 Rules to Win at Robot Combat]'''
* '''[https://robotsmashingleague.com/blog/posts/how-many-spares-should-you-bring-to-a-combat-robot-competition Robot Smashing League – How many spares should you bring?]'''
* '''[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/events.html Ask Aaron – Robot events]''' (Team Run Amok)
* '''[[Events]]''' and '''[[Safety]]'''
* '''[[Troubleshooting]]'''

Motors

2026-10-17T23:26:46Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

Electric motors impart a continuous spinning motion and are used in nearly every combat robot. They work by creating a rotating magnetic field, which is used to spin a shaft or a shell at high speed. Many motors will be attached to a gearbox, generally used to decrease the shaft speed and increase torque.

[[File:Brushless_Motor_8085.jpg|thumb|Maytech Brushless 8085]]

=Brushed (DC) Motors=
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushed_DC_electric_motor DC Brushed] motors have historically dominated the sport due to their availability and simplicity. These motors have an electrical connection to the spinning part of the motor using contacts called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_(electric) brushes].

DC motors have two wires or connections. Apply a suitable DC voltage to these and the motor will spin; reverse the connections, and the motor will spin in the opposite direction.

While these motors can be operated at full speed by switching power on and off as described, an [[ESCs|electronic speed controller (ESC)]] will allow you to control speed by turning the power on and off in very fast pulses. Most ESCs can also reverse the motor direction while in use, so that weapons, tires, etc. can move both ways. Only ESCs made for brushed motors can be used.

==Common brushed DC motors==
[[File:N20.jpg|thumb|N20 Motor]]
There are literally hundreds of motors to choose from but certain choices have become favorites over the years due to their availability and suitability for robot combat in terms of output-speed at typical voltages, ease of mounting into designs, and robustness. As with all things in robot combat, there are different choices common to different weight classes. 
In 150g to 1-pound classes the most common motors are N20 and 16mm motors from places like [https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/products.php?cat=Motors+%26+Mounts FingerTech] or [https://www.botkits.com/collections/all-products BotKits] 
In the 3-pound classes, 25mm spur gear motors and 22mm planetary gear motors are very common. 

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Common Brushed DC Gear Motors
|-
! Motor Type !! Source 1 !! Source 2 !! Source 3 !! Source 4
|-
| N10 Spur Gear || [https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=N10-Micro-Spark FingerTech] || [https://turnabot.com/products/high-power-n10 Turnabot] || ||
|-
| N20 Spur Gear || [https://www.pololu.com/category/60/micro-metal-gearmotors Pololu] || [https://www.servocity.com/premium-n20-gear-motors/ ServoCity] || [https://www.dfrobot.com/category-110.html DFRobot] || [https://turnabot.com/products/high-power-n10 Turnabot]
|-
| 16mm Spur Gear || [https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=ft-Sspark16 FingerTech] || [https://www.botkits.com/products/four-battle-hardened-motors?_pos=6&_sid=a383cc490&_ss=r BotKits] || ||
|-
| 16mm Planetary Gear || [https://repeat-robotics.com/buy/brushed/ Repeat Robotics] || || ||
|-
| 20mm Spur Gear || [https://www.servocity.com/econ-spur-gear-motors/ ServoCity] || ||
|-
| 22mm Planetary Gear || [https://www.botkits.com/collections/all-products/products/22mm-dc-gearmotor-with-aluminum-gearbox?variant=12493978959974 BotKits] || [https://rectifiedrobotics.com/products/22mm-brushed-drive RectifiedRobotics] || [https://www.servocity.com/premium-planetary-gear-motors/ ServoCity] ||
|-
| 25mm Spur Gear || || [https://www.servocity.com/econ-spur-gear-motors/ ServoCity] || ||
|-
| 25mm Double Spur Gear || [https://absolutechaosrobotics.bigcartel.com/product/beetle-weight-drive-parts AbsoluteChaosRobotics] || ||
|}

=Brushless Motors=
''Hobby outrunners usually need hardening for combat; see '''[[Hardening Motors]]'''.''
In recent years [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor DC Brushless] motors have become more popular. Also known as BLDC (Brushless direct current), these motors are often both faster and lighter than an equivalent brushed motor, while experiencing less friction, remaining more efficient and less susceptible to heat related failures.

Brushless motors have 3 or even 4 power wires, and they will not operate at all without a brushless [[ESCs|electronic speed controller (ESC)]]. This specialized circuit synthesizes the rotating magnetic field by sending waves of power into pairs of wires in sequence. By altering which wires are used, the ESC can also reverse the motor; by adjusting the shape of the waves, it can change the speed and torque of the motor. This gives a builder many options, but can make setup of brushless motors very complicated.

An ESC needs to support the right type of motor, as well as suitable current and voltage rating.

==Sensorless==
Sensorless motors have only power wires. They are generally used on flying drones and lower weight class robots as they are simpler and require less wiring.

When using sensorless motors with an inertial load (drive motors, weapon motors) you may experience a twitching or jerking motion or vibration at low speeds. This is known as cogging, and is most noticeable when the motor is connected to a low-ratio gearbox, or has no gearbox at all.

==Sensored==
Some brushless motors include a shaft position sensor (usually built-in), and have an extra connector or cable to connect the sensor to an ESC made for sensored motors. Feedback from this sensor helps the firmware in the ESC determine exactly how much power is required to start the motor and maintain the exact speed or torque you want to use, even with a heavy load such as a weapon bar or disc. This also opens up possibilities for combat-specific modifications. For example, with specialized programming, an ESC with sensor feedback could determine when a weapon motor hit or jam has occurred, temporarily limit power output after the event (for the safety of the ESC and motor windings), and attempt to re-power the motor a few moments later after the encounter is over.

==Motor torque considerations==
Drone propellers encounter little air resistance when first started, and are also extremely light. For this market, product designers have made smaller, lighter ESCs and motors that run on the same voltage as other models, but deliver less start-up torque. Keep in mind that if used for drive motors, these may not accelerate quickly, or may perform at lower speeds than expected. They often have difficulty starting when a heavier spinning weapon is attached; you will see many fights lost when a spinner couldn't start up their weapon.

This can potentially be fixed by using a sensored motor or by programming the ESC to deliver a full-power starting pulse to overcome friction and/or inertia.

==Other considerations==
Brushless motors with sensors can be used with sensorless ESCs, (without any of the benefits of having a sensor, since it isn't connected).

There is no standard connector for sensors; keep this in mind before attempting to mix-and-match ESCs and motors.

==Common brushless DC motors==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Common Small Brushless DC Gearmotors
|-
! Size/Frame !! Diameter !! Source 1 !! Source 2 !! Source 3
|-
| 1104 || 16mm || [https://repeat-robotics.com/products/repeat-mini-mk4 Repeat Robotics] Repeat Mini Planetary (now the Mk4.1, with an 1106 motor) || ||
|-
| 1806 || 24mm || || ||
|-
| 1806 Outrunner || 24mm || [https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=ft-mega-spark-bl-2300KV Fingertech] Mega Spark || [https://rectifiedrobotics.com/products/22mm-brushless-drive Rectified Robotics] Brushless Planetary ||
|-
| 2004 Inrunner || 24mm ||[https://repeat-robotics.com/buy/max/ Repeat Robotics] Repeat Drive Max Planetary || ||
|-
| 2838 Inrunner || 28mm || [https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=ft-S2838-2970KV Fingertech] S2838 Beater Bar || ||
|}

=Picking the right motor=
There are tradeoffs between the two motor types so do a little research to determine which is most suitable for you.

[https://robotcombatwiki.com/wiki/Brushed_vs._Brushless Choosing a motor - Brushed or Brushless] 

[https://robotcombatwiki.com/wiki/Speed_Reduction Gear Reduction and Speed] 

[https://robotcombatwiki.com/wiki/Hardening_Motors Making Motors Combat Ready] 

[https://robotcombatwiki.com/wiki/Insect_Class_Motors Insect Class Motors] 

[https://robotcombatwiki.com/wiki/Hobby_and_Feather_Motors Hobby and Feather Class Motors] 

[https://robotcombatwiki.com/wiki/Large_Robot_Motors Large Robot Motors] 

=Going further=
Very few motors on the market anywhere are built to be suitable for high-impact action, particularly as the competition becomes more and more skilled. Check out [[Hardening Motors]] to learn how to take them to the next level.

Melty Brain

2026-10-17T23:26:45Z

RobotRobot: Replace unsupported Tesla's Tornado example with Blade Runner (per cited article)

[[File:MeltyB.jpg|thumb|Melty Brain Beetleweight]]

The '''Melty Brain''' robot is a modified Thwack Bot that allows 100% of the bots mass to spin, but unlike a traditional Thwack bot that spins in place, the Melty Brain robot adjusts the wheel speed on each rotation allowing it to effectively drive around the arena. This is also called '''translational drift''' or "tornado drive." Because the whole robot is the weapon, no weight goes into a separate weapon system – but a melty is complex to build and tune, and if the drive fails, the robot loses both its movement and its weapon.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_drift]

==How it works==
* The robot spins its whole body using its drive wheels.
* An '''accelerometer''' mounted away from the center measures the centrifugal force, which tells the controller how fast the robot is spinning.
* The controller uses that to keep track of where "forward" is during each rotation, and flashes an '''LED''' once per revolution at that point. To the driver, the flashes look like a steady dot showing the robot's heading.
* To move, the controller briefly changes the power to the wheels at the same point in every rotation. The robot drifts in that direction, while still spinning at full speed. The driver's stick controls which way it drifts, and turning left or right shifts the heading.[https://github.com/nothinglabs/openmelt2]

1-wheeled robots: Although the design may seem counter-intuitive, there are advantages to using a single large motor to spin the robot. In addition to the increased power and durability of a single motor, tuning a single wheel to control the robots movement is generally easier.
 

2 wheeled robots: These melty brain robots have a more typical design with two wheels to balance the weight of the robot as it goes through it's rotation. Although these can be just as effective as 1-wheeled robots, the additional friction from the second wheel as well as weight-differences between the two wheels can make tuning the melty-brain more difficult. One advantage of a two-wheeled Meltybrain robot is that it can revert to (more usual) tank-drive steering, e.g. to escape from corners.
 

Mechanical Melty Brain: Although not a true Melty Brain, there have been examples where a small amount of weight is dedicated to a central 'directional' bot that maintains contact with the ground and uses a cam to adjust the wheel angle during the robots rotation. (Y-Pout)
 

{{#ev:youtube|https://youtu.be/WMLEQafT7-Y}}
Rich Olson over at Nothing Labs has an open source melty brain project and has successfully used his approach with a variety of weight-classes.
http://www.nothinglabs.com/openmelt/

==Hardware==
The current version of Rich Olson's project, '''[https://github.com/nothinglabs/openmelt2 Open Melt 2]''' (published in December 2023), is a good starting point.[https://nothinglabs.com/?p=837] It runs on an Arduino-compatible ATmega32u4 board (such as an Arduino Micro) with a high-g accelerometer such as the H3LIS331DL (±400 g), and drives either MOSFETs for brushed motors or brushless ESCs. It uses a normal 3-channel radio with a working failsafe. The accelerometer has to be placed so it stays within its range at full speed, and the code includes safety features such as spinning down on signal loss. More advanced builds use faster microcontrollers, two accelerometers, and brushless ESCs that report motor speed back to the controller.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php/Project_LiftOff]

==Challenges==
* '''Tuning:''' the controller needs calibrating so the LED heading stays steady. Open Melt 2 has a calibration mode for the accelerometer offset, the effective radius, and the LED position.
* '''Heading drift:''' an accelerometer alone can't hold an absolute heading, so the heading slowly drifts and the driver has to keep correcting it.[https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/s2020/projects/jackmaxg_Project_Final_Report.pdf]
* '''High g-forces''' at full speed put a lot of stress on the electronics, battery and wiring, which must be very well secured.
* '''Driving skill:''' steering a melty takes a lot of practice.

==Notable meltybrains==
* '''Blade Runner''' – an early meltybrain attempt in the original BattleBots era; the technology never worked as intended.
* '''Blade Runner''' – a middleweight built by Ilya Polyakov, the first robot to attempt meltybrain, in the original Comedy Central BattleBots; the technology never worked as planned.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_drift]
* '''Melty B''' – Rich Olson's antweight meltybrains, featured by Pololu in 2009.[https://pololu.com/blog/187/rich-s-melty-b-antweight-combat-robots]
* '''Nuts 2''' – the first meltybrain on Robot Wars (Series 10, 2017), which beat defending champion Carbide on the way to a joint 3rd place in the Grand Final.
* '''Project LiftOff''' – a 3 lb meltybrain that in 2021 became the first meltybrain to win an NHRL event, and finished 3rd at the 2022 NHRL World Championship.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php/Project_LiftOff]

==Rules==
* Because a meltybrain's weapon is its drive, it can't use a normal weapon lock. NHRL requires meltybrains to use wheel locks or covers instead.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=NHRL_Rules]
* Some rule sets require a weapon that's independent of the drive. NHRL makes an exception for meltybrains that show controlled movement while spinning; BattleBots doesn't count translational drift as an active weapon.
* Check your event's rules before building one, and always follow the safety rules for spinning weapons (see '''[[Spinner Design]]''' and '''[[Safety]]''').
 

==See also==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_drift Translational drift on Wikipedia]
* '''[[Weapons]]''' – full-body spinners and thwackbots
* '''[[Spinner Design]]'''

Main Page

2026-10-17T23:26:45Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

[[File:Robogames_Arena.jpg|thumb|Robogames Arena]]

== Robot Combat ==
 Welcome to the Robot Combat Wiki 
The goal of this Wiki is to have a single location that Robot Combat enthusiasts can come to find the information they are looking for. Like all Wikis, some content will be stored here while much of it will be links out to sources. Please be patient, it will take a while for the Wiki to build content. If there is something you'd like to know and you don't see a page for it, go ahead and create one. Editing some pages will be limited to known contributors but if you feel something should be changed or updated let us know or show that you can be a trusted contributor. 

Stay Safe! 
Some areas (like building flame throwers) are best left up to experts and pages dedicated to these areas will provide a general overview but we won't give step-by-step instructions on how to make things. We don't want people accidentally hurting themselves.

== Categories ==
* [[GettingStarted|Getting Started]] in combat robotics
** [[What Your First Robot Costs]]
** [[Pit Kit and Event Checklist]]
** [[Troubleshooting]]
** [[Repairs Between Matches]]
** [[Strategy and Tactics]]
** [[Driving Practice]]
* [[Glossary]] of robot combat terms
* [[Safety]] – batteries, failsafes, weapon locks and event safety
* [[Local Groups]], Clubs and Organizations to connect with in your country or area
* [[Combat Robotics in Schools and Universities]]
* [[Running an Event]]
* [[Rules]]
** [[SPARC|SPARC Rules]]
* [[Events]]
** [[Major Competitions]]
* [[RobotClasses|Robot Classes]]
** [[Fairyweight]] (150 g), [[Antweight]] (1 lb), [[Beetleweight]] (3 lb), [[Hobbyweight]] (12 lb), [[Featherweight]] (30 lb), [[Lightweight]] (60 lb), [[Middleweight]] (120 lb), [[Heavyweight]] (250 lb)
* [[Robot_Combat_League|Robot Combat League]]
* [[RobotCommunity|Communities]]
* [[Robots|Teams and Robots]]
* [[Kits]]
* [[3D Printing]]
* [[Weapons]]
** [[Vertical Spinners]], [[Horizontal Spinners]], [[Drum Spinners]]
** [[Flippers and Lifters]], [[Hammers and Axes]], [[Wedges and Control Robots]]
* [[Suppliers]]
* [[OnlineTools|Online Tools]]
* [[Test Boxes]]
* [[Robot Combat History and TV]]

== Design and Building ==
* [[Drive Systems]]
* [[Armor and Materials]]
* [[Spinner Design]]
* [[Weapon Shafts, Bearings and Mounting]]
* [[Self-Righting]]
* [[Multibots, Walkers and Shufflers]]
* [[Melty Brain]]
* [[Weight Management]]
* [[Fasteners and Hardware]]
* [[Wiring and Soldering]]
* [[CAD for Combat Robots]]
* [[Fabrication Services]]
* [[Hand Tools and Basic Machining]]

== Component Parts ==
* [[Batteries]]
* [[Battery eliminator circuit (BEC)]]
* [[Connectors]]
* [[ESCs|Electronic Speed Controllers]]
** [[ESC Firmware]]
* [[Magnets]]
* [[Motors]]
** [[Hardening Motors]]
* [[Radios]]
** [[ExpressLRS and EdgeTX Setup]]
* [[Servos]]
* [[Switches]]
* [[Wheels]]
 

== Getting started with MediaWiki ==
Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.

* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki]

Insect Class Motors

2026-10-17T23:26:44Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

Size and weight are always considerations when selecting motors, and it is especially true with insect class robots. Also as with all robot combats think about the nature of your motors. Are they simply meant to deliver the weapon to the opponent or are they an integral part in your attack strategy. Take a look at the available kits to get an idea on how things are typically done. Wedge bots often have four independent motors, while drum bots save weight by having two drive motors.

 
22mm motors are common in 3lb robots with two being enough to drive a weaponed bot and four working well for a wedge or pushy bot. Brushed versions of 22mm motors are available from placeslike botkits.com but more advanced builders will convert them to brushless setups. This gives them more power for less weight than the brushed versions. 
[https://gitlab.com/alexmordue/saw-loser/-/blob/master/BRUSHLESS22MM.md How to make brushless 22mm planetary gear motors]
 
[[File:InsectMotors.jpg]]
 
Although some motor resellers provide CAD files for their motors, over at GrabCAD a builder created a [https://grabcad.com/library/popular-insect-drive-motor-size-comparison-1 useful grouping of common motors].
 
 
The table below lists common motor sizes and some current examples (as of 2026). Specifications vary between gear ratios and versions, so check the seller's page. For choosing motors and gearing, see '''[[Drive Systems]]'''; for where to buy, see '''[[Suppliers]]'''.
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Insect Motors
|-
! Name !! Diameter !! Length !! Weight !! Shaft !! Voltage !! RPM !! Comments
|-
| N20 || 12mm || || 10g || 3mm || 3v, 6v, 12v versions || Variable || Common in 150g bots
|-
| 16mm || 16mm || 40.3mm || 28g || 3mm || 6v || Variable || Common in 1lb bots
|-
| 22mm || 22mm || 47.5mm || 73g || 4mm || 12v || 780 || Common in 3lb bots
|-
|KitBots Beetle Motor ||24.8mm || 49.3mm || 85g || 4mm || 12v || 930 ||
|-
| [https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=N20-Mini-Spark FingerTech Mini Spark] (N20) || 12mm || || || 3mm D || 7.4v rated || 728–1819 (by ratio) || Brushed N20 gearmotor for 150g bots; 20:1, 30:1 and 50:1 ratios
|-
| [https://www.pololu.com/category/60/micro-metal-gearmotors Pololu Micro Metal Gearmotors] || 12mm || || || 3mm D || 6v and 12v versions || Variable || Huge range of ratios (5:1 to 1000:1) and power levels
|-
| [https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=ft-Sspark16 FingerTech Silver Spark] || 16mm || || || || || Variable || 16mm spur gearmotor for 1lb bots, many ratios; long shaft allows an outboard bearing
|-
| [https://repeat-robotics.com/products/repeat-mini-brushed-mk2-1pcs Repeat Mini Brushed Mk2] || 16mm || || || || 12v || 1220 || 16mm planetary, 22.6:1; for 1lb bots
|-
| [https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=22mm-planetary-730rpm FingerTech 22mm Planetary] || 22mm || || 85g || || 12v || 730 || Brushed, 16.4:1; for 3lb bots
|-
| [https://repeat-robotics.com/products/repeat-compact-brushed Repeat Compact Brushed] || 22mm || || || || 12v || 1070 || Brushed, 22.6:1; for 3lb bots
|-
| [https://repeat-robotics.com/products/repeat-compact-1806-mk2 Repeat Compact 1806 Mk2] || || || || || 3S || about 1130 || Brushless (2300kv) with 22.6:1 gearbox; for 3lb bots
|-
| [https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=ft-mega-spark-bl-1500KV FingerTech Brushless Mega Spark] || 24mm gearbox || || || 6mm || || Variable || Brushless 1806 motor (750, 1500 or 2300kv) with 27:1 planetary gearbox; for 3lb bots
|-
| [https://justcuzrobotics.com/products/blitz-lite-1604 Just Cuz Blitz Lite] || || || || || || || Brushless 1604 gearmotor, 29:1; for 1lb and 3lb bots
|}

== Protecting motors ==
Small gearmotors are often the first thing to fail in a match. Support their output shafts with a bearing where you can, mount them firmly (not with glue or zip ties), and threadlock their screws. See '''[[Hardening Motors]]''' and '''[[Drive Systems#Protecting the drive|Drive Systems]]'''. For battle-ready weapon and drive motors, see '''[[Hardening Motors#Buying pre-hardened motors|Buying pre-hardened motors]]'''.

Horizontal Spinners

2026-10-17T23:26:44Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

A '''horizontal spinner''' is a robot whose weapon spins flat, parallel to the floor, on a vertical axis. The weapon usually sticks out past the front (or all round) of the robot, so it can hit opponents from a wide range of angles. Horizontals are popular in every insect class, partly thanks to famous robots like Tombstone. This page covers what's specific to horizontals; for the shared engineering (stored energy, tip speed, bite, spin-up, materials, shafts and bearings) see '''[[Spinner Design]]'''. For other weapon types see '''[[Weapons]]'''.

''Safety: a horizontal throws broken parts sideways, which is where people stand. Only spin it up in an arena or a '''[[Test Boxes|test box]]''', and always fit a weapon lock outside the arena. See '''[[Safety]]''', '''[[Failsafes]]''' and the '''Safety''' section below.''

__TOC__

==Variants==
* '''Bar:''' a long bar with a tooth at one or both ends, usually extending well beyond the chassis. Long reach and simple to make, but a bar stores the least energy of the common shapes for its mass and diameter.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html] Single-tooth (asymmetric) bars give more bite.
* '''Disc:''' a round plate with one or more teeth. Stores more energy than a bar of the same mass and size and is harder to bend, but has less reach for its weight.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html]
* '''Shell and ring spinners''' spin the robot's whole outer body or a ring around it. They are full-body weapons with their own challenges; see '''[[Weapons#Shell spinner|Weapons – Shell spinner]]''' and '''[[Weapons#Ring spinner|Ring spinner]]'''.
* '''Undercutters''' mount the weapon low, just above the floor, under or in front of the chassis. They attack wheels, wedge edges, forks and the underside of opponents.
* '''Overhead / high-mounted''' horizontals sit above the chassis. They can reach over wedges to hit the opponent's body and top-mounted weapons, but leave the low front edge open to wedges and verts (see '''[[Weapons#Horizontal spinner|Weapons]]''').

Some designs are invertible: the weapon sits mid-height, so the robot works either way up, acting as an undercutter one way and a high spinner the other.

==Strengths and weaknesses==
'''Strengths'''
* '''Wide attack zone.''' A horizontal can hit from the front and sides, and it's easier to aim than a vert.
* '''No gyroscopic wheel lift when turning.''' The weapon's axis points straight up and doesn't change direction when the robot turns, so a horizontal can turn quickly with the weapon at full speed.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html]
* '''Long reach''' with a bar keeps opponents away from the chassis.
* '''Good against exposed wheels and parts.''' Undercutters in particular can tear off wheels and break forks.

'''Weaknesses'''
* '''Recoil.''' The hit pushes the horizontal sideways and backward across the floor. Against a heavy, stable opponent, a big hit can throw the horizontal into the wall or a hazard, and the shock can damage its own frame.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html]
* '''Tipping and gyro tumble.''' If the robot gets tilted (by riding up a wedge, or being hit from below), the gyroscopic effect can make it tumble or "dance" uncontrollably.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html]
* '''Low wedges and verts''' can get under the weapon.
* '''Usually only one effective way up''' unless designed to be invertible.

==Matchups==
Weapon matchups are often compared to rock-paper-scissors: no design beats everything, and driving and build quality usually matter more than the weapon type.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/design.html][https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html] Typical tendencies:
{| class="wikitable"
! Opponent !! How it usually goes for a horizontal
|-
| '''[[Vertical Spinners|Vertical spinner]]''' or '''[[Drum Spinners|drum]]''' || Often difficult. The vert or drum can hit the horizontal's weapon from below and throw the whole robot, and its recoil goes into the floor while the horizontal's goes sideways. A horizontal can still win by hitting the vert's weapon, forks, wheels or side, especially with a strong, low weapon.
|-
| '''[[Wedges and Control Robots|Wedge or control bot]]''' || Depends on the wedge. A low, hard, well-supported wedge can deflect hits and push the horizontal into walls. A horizontal can break hinged forks or wedgelets and attack wheels; high-mounted horizontals can reach over the wedge.
|-
| '''[[Flippers and Lifters|Flipper or lifter]]''' || Often favorable if the horizontal keeps the flipper away with its reach. If the lifter gets underneath, it can tip the horizontal and set off a gyro tumble.
|-
| Another horizontal || A weapon-on-weapon fight. Strong weapons, good bearings and good weapon height matter most; both robots can get thrown hard.
|-
| '''[[Hammers and Axes|Hammer or axe]]''' || Usually favorable, since the horizontal's reach can hit before the hammer is in range.
|}

==Design considerations==
===Recoil and wall bounce===
Every hit pushes the horizontal back as hard as it pushes the opponent. Since a horizontal can't push that force into the floor the way a vert can, it gets knocked sideways and often bounces off the arena wall, which can damage it or leave it facing the wrong way. Ways to cope:
* A '''stiff, strong frame''' and well-supported weapon mount so the robot survives its own hits.
* '''Good traction''' and a low center of gravity.
* '''Drive control after the hit:''' expect to be knocked around and be ready to recover.
* '''Bite matters:''' a weapon that grips the opponent transfers energy into it; one that glances off mostly sends both robots spinning. See '''[[Spinner Design#Bite|Bite]]'''.
Horizontals can also reach the arena walls. Under SPARC rules, spinning weapons that can hit the outer arena walls in normal use need the event's approval in advance.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Robot_Construction_Specifications_v1.7.pdf]

===Weapon height===
Weapon height decides what you hit. A low weapon hits wheels, wedge edges and forks; a high one hits bodies, top armor and weapons. Undercutters shouldn't be too low: leave enough clearance that floor bumps, seams and jolts from hits don't make the blade touch the floor.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html] Some builders make weapon height adjustable with spacers, to suit each opponent.

===Gyroscopic lifting===
A horizontal turns freely, but its weapon still resists tilting. If the robot rides up a wedge or gets hit from below, the weapon can push it into a wobble or tumble, and spin-up torque can also tilt the chassis. A low, wide chassis and a weapon close to the chassis help. See '''[[Spinner Design#Gyroscopic effects|Gyroscopic effects]]'''.

===Shafts and mounting===
See '''[[Weapon Shafts, Bearings and Mounting]]''' for details.

The weapon shaft takes big sideways loads on every hit. Many insect horizontals use a '''dead shaft''' (a fixed bolt or shaft supported top and bottom by the chassis) with bearings in the weapon hub, rather than relying on the motor's own shaft. Undercutters often look like an upside-down full-body spinner mount, with the shaft ends rounded and sticking out below the blade and above the chassis.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html]

==Powering a horizontal in the insect classes==
''As of 2026; parts change quickly.''
* '''Brushless outrunner motors''' are the standard weapon motor at every insect weight (see '''[[Motors]]''', '''[[Insect Class Motors]]''' and '''[[ESCs]]'''). For beetleweights, Ask Aaron suggests about 150 W per pound of robot and about 6% of the robot's weight, typically a 28 mm or 36 mm outrunner.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html]
* '''Belt drive''' from a motor beside the weapon is common because the belt can slip a little and protect the motor from shock.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html] Outrunners aren't designed for heavy sideways loads on their cans, so get the belt tension right and support the pulley close to the motor.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html]
* '''Direct drive / hub motors''' (the weapon bolted to the motor's can) are common in 150 g and plastic ant horizontals because they're compact, but every impact goes straight into the motor bearings.
See '''[[Spinner Design#Driving the weapon|Spinner Design]]''' for more.

==Safety==
* '''[[SPARC Robot Construction Specifications|SPARC rules]]''' require a clearly visible weapon lock whenever the robot is out of the arena, and it must be in place when you power on. Spinners must stop within 60 seconds of power being removed, using their own braking, and must not spin outside the arena or a testing area.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Robot_Construction_Specifications_v1.7.pdf] Check your event's own rules too.
* A long horizontal bar is easy to lock with a strap or pin through the chassis; make sure the lock really stops the weapon and can't fall off.
* Test the weapon only in a '''[[Test Boxes|test box]]''' or arena. Horizontals throw debris sideways, so stand well clear of the weapon's plane even outside the box.
* Check your '''[[Failsafes|failsafe]]''' every time you change radio settings, and see '''[[LiPo Battery Safety]]'''.

==Famous examples==
''From BattleBots robot profiles, as of 2026.''
* '''Tombstone''' – horizontal bar spinner; BattleBots Season 2 (2016) champion.[https://battlebots.com/robot/tombstone-2019/][https://battlebots.com/robot/tombstone/]
* '''Valkyrie''' – horizontal disc spinner.[https://battlebots.com/robot/valkyrie/]
* '''Blade''' – horizontal bar spinner from South Korea.[https://battlebots.com/robot/blade/]

==Open-source designs==
A few printable horizontal spinners from the list on '''[[3D Printing]]''' (more there):
* '''[https://www.printables.com/model/1394252-nemo-plastic-antweight Nemo]''' (1 lb plastic ant) – a beginner-friendly spinner with only three printed parts.
* '''[https://www.printables.com/model/397240-tombstone-tribute-3d-printed-1lb-combat-robot Tombstone Tribute]''' (1 lb).
* '''[https://github.com/Zoomwag/Undercutter-Battlebot Undercutter Battlebot]''' (150 g) – undercutter with STEP files.
* '''[https://github.com/Adambomb210/DNS-Combat-Robot DNS]''' (3 lb) – forked undercutter.
* '''[https://www.printables.com/model/1453255-endbots-vector-beetleweight-3lb-combat-robot-remix Endbots Vector Remix]''' (3 lb) – a remix of the popular Endbots Vector.

==See also==
* '''[[Spinner Design]]''' – energy, tip speed, bite, gyroscopic effects, materials
* '''[[Vertical Spinners]]''' and '''[[Drum Spinners]]'''
* '''[[Weapons]]''' – all weapon types, including shell and ring spinners
* '''[[Melty Brain]]''' – full-body spinners that can drive while spinning
* '''[[Hardening Motors]]'''
* '''[[Test Boxes]]''', '''[[Safety]]''', '''[[Failsafes]]'''
* '''[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html Ask Aaron – Spinning Weapon FAQ]'''

Featherweight

2026-10-17T23:26:43Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

The '''Featherweight''' class is for robots weighing up to '''30 lb''' (13.6 kg). Featherweights hit very hard, need serious arenas, and take real investment to build, so they're fought at fewer events than the insect classes – mainly NHRL, some larger events, and in the UK under FRA rules. NHRL's starter guide doesn't recommend 30 lb as a first robot.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php/Combat_Robotics_Starter%27s_Guide]

__TOC__

==Rules==
* '''SPARC''': 30 lb (13.61 kg), called Featherweight in the '''[[SPARC Tournament Procedures]]'''. Shufflers can weigh 37.5 lb, non-traditional drives 45 lb, and walkers 60 lb.
* '''UK (FRA)''': 13.6 kg.[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf]
* '''NHRL''': 30 lb, its largest class.
* '''Sportsman''': the 30 lb '''[[Sportsman Classes|Sportsman]]''' class, with limited weapon power, is the most common Sportsman weight.

==Typical builds==
* '''Drive:''' brushless motors through heavy-duty planetary gearboxes with hex outputs, and high-current ESCs.[https://repeat-robotics.com/collections/bigger-bots-12lb-30lb]
* '''Battery:''' commonly 6S LiPo, sometimes higher.
* '''Materials:''' machined aluminum, steel and titanium frames and armor, hardened tool steel weapons (see '''[[Armor and Materials]]''').
* '''Arena:''' SPARC recommends 3/4" polycarbonate walls and at least a 16 × 16 ft floor, and notes that some older 30 lb arenas are no longer adequate for modern full-combat featherweights.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Arena_Construction_Best_Practices_v1.1.pdf]

==Getting started==
There are no common complete kits at 30 lb. Featherweights cost much more to build than insect-class robots, so most builders gain experience in the smaller classes first.

==Where they fight==
At NHRL, at larger events such as '''[https://robobrawl.illinois.edu/ Robobrawl]''', at some Sportsman events, and at UK FRA events.

===NHRL 30 lb world champions===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Champion
|-
| 2021 || MegatRON
|-
| 2022 || Emulsifier
|-
| 2023 || Emulsifier
|-
| 2024 || MegatRON
|-
| 2025 || KaZaA Lite
|}
Source: '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Havoc_Robot_League Wikipedia]''' and the '''[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php/NHRL:Stats:Event_Winners-30lb NHRL event winners list]'''.

==See also==
* '''[[Hobbyweight]]''' (12 lb)
* '''[[Lightweight]]''' (60 lb)
* '''[[Sportsman Classes]]'''
* '''[[RobotClasses|Robot Classes]]'''

Fasteners and Hardware

2026-10-17T23:26:43Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

Screws, nuts, shafts and bearings hold your robot together, and they take a beating in every match. Robot combat puts sudden shock loads on hardware, often sideways (shear) loads, which is very different from most machines. This page covers choosing and using fasteners, threadlocker, shafts and bearings. For parts names, see also '''[[NameThatPart]]'''.

__TOC__

==Screws==
===Sizes===
Small robots mostly use metric M2 to M4 screws (M3 is very common in 1 lb and 3 lb robots), or imperial #2-56 to #8-32. Larger robots use M5 and up. Pick one or two sizes for your whole robot if you can, so you need fewer tools and spares at events.

===Head styles===
* '''Socket head cap screws''' are the strongest and easiest to tighten.
* '''Button head''' screws are lower-profile but have a smaller hex socket, so they strip more easily and can't be tightened as much.
* '''Flat head''' (countersunk) screws sit flush with the surface. Exposed screw heads are "spinner bait" – easy for a weapon to catch – so countersinking screws on outer armor is a good idea.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html] Note that imperial flat heads are usually 82° and metric ones 90°, so match your countersink. Don't countersink carbon fiber (see '''[[Armor and Materials]]''').

===Materials===
{| class="wikitable"
! Material !! Notes
|-
| '''Alloy steel''' (e.g. class 12.9, usually black) || Very strong (about 1,200 MPa tensile strength) and cheap. Very hard screws can be less tolerant of shock loads than slightly softer grades.
|-
| '''Stainless steel''' || Tougher but weaker than alloy steel (about 700 MPa for common A2-70).
|-
| '''Titanium''' (Grade 5) || About 56% of the weight of steel and fairly strong, but expensive.
|-
| '''Aluminum''' || Very light but much weaker; only for low-load parts like covers.
|}
Team Run Amok's advice is that medium-strength steel screws are usually the best choice, and that you can make up for lower strength by using a few more screws.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html]

==Threads in different materials==
* '''Aluminum and other metals:''' tapped threads work well. As a rule of thumb, a screw should engage at least about 1× its diameter in steel and 2× in aluminum.[https://www.nord-lock.com/insights/bolting-tips/2015/the-experts-thread-engagement-in-a-tapped-hole/]
* '''UHMW and HDPE:''' don't tap fine machine threads into polyethylene – they strip easily. Use coarse self-tapping or Plastite-style screws in a correctly sized pilot hole. The plastic grips the threads tightly, so they don't vibrate loose.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html]
* '''3D printed parts:''' use '''heat-set inserts''' (brass threaded inserts melted in with a soldering iron set about 10–20 °C above the plastic's printing temperature), or nuts captured in pockets. Check the insert maker's recommended hole size.[https://cnckitchen.com/blog/tips-and-tricks-for-heat-set-inserts] See '''[[3D Printing]]'''.
* Tap drill sizes and how to tap a hole are on '''[[Hand Tools and Basic Machining#Tapping threads|Hand Tools and Basic Machining]]'''.

==Nuts and threadlocker==
* '''Nyloc''' (nylon-insert lock) nuts resist vibrating loose and can be reused a few times.
* '''Threadlocker''' keeps screws in metal from loosening:
** '''Blue''' (medium strength, e.g. Loctite 243 or 242) is the usual choice – removable with hand tools.
** '''Red''' (high strength, e.g. Loctite 271) needs heat (around 250 °C) to remove, so save it for parts you never want to take apart.
** '''Purple''' (low strength, e.g. Loctite 222) suits small screws.
** Standard threadlockers only cure between metal parts, and '''can crack plastics''' – Loctite's own data sheet doesn't recommend 243 on plastics.[https://assets.testequity.com/te1/Documents/pdf/loctite/Loctite_1329505_243_Technical-Datasheet_0125.pdf] For plastic parts, use a plastic-compatible product such as '''[https://next.henkel-adhesives.com/us/en/products/industrial-adhesives/central-pdp.html/loctite-425/BP000000153569.html Loctite 425]''' or '''[https://www.vibra-tite.com/threadlockers/plastic-compatible/vibra-tite-vc-3-threadmate/ Vibra-Tite VC-3]''', or a nyloc nut.

==Shafts and bearings==
* '''Weapon shafts''' take enormous loads. Use a solid shaft of tough steel, supported at both ends – standoffs are just spacers and aren't strong enough. Many small spinners use a high-grade steel bolt or shoulder bolt as a '''dead shaft''' (the shaft stays still and the weapon spins on bearings around it).[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html][https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/ants.html]
* With a dead shaft, ball bearings with a spacer tube between their inner races let you clamp the shaft tight, so it becomes part of the frame. Add a strong spacer block between the frame plates to take the clamping force.
* '''Bronze (oilite) bushings''' have a little more friction than ball bearings but survive huge shock loads. Space bearings well apart for stability.
* '''Shaft collars''' stop shafts sliding; '''clamping''' collars hold much better than set-screw ones. The tiny set screws supplied with small hubs often aren't up to combat loads (see '''[[Wheels#Hubs and mounting|Wheels]]''').
* Support drive motor shafts too (see '''[[Drive Systems]]''').
* For weapon shafts, bearings and belt drives in detail, see '''[[Weapon Shafts, Bearings and Mounting]]'''.

==Where to buy==
* '''[https://www.mcmaster.com/ McMaster-Carr]''' – huge range, fast shipping, and free CAD models of most parts.
* '''[https://www.boltdepot.com/ Bolt Depot]''' and '''[https://www.fastenal.com/ Fastenal]''' – fasteners in small and large quantities.
* '''[https://repeat-robotics.com/collections/hardware Repeat Robotics]''' and '''[https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/products.php?cat=Tools+%26+Fasteners FingerTech]''' – small hardware, shafts, bearings and parts made for combat robots.
* See also '''[[Suppliers]]'''.

==See also==
* '''[[Armor and Materials]]'''
* '''[[Spinner Design]]''' – weapon construction
* '''[[Tools For Beginners]]'''

Fabrication Services

2026-10-17T23:26:42Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

You don't need a machine shop to build a robot with metal or precision-cut parts. Online fabrication services will laser cut, waterjet cut, CNC machine, bend or 3D print parts from a file you upload, and ship them to you, often within a week or two. This page lists services and material suppliers commonly used by robot builders, and gives tips for ordering. For other robot parts, see '''[[Suppliers]]'''; for choosing materials, see '''[[Armor and Materials]]'''.

''Listings here aren't endorsements, and services and materials change – always check the service's current material list and design guidelines.''

__TOC__

==Cutting and machining services==
{| class="wikitable"
! Service !! What they do !! Notes for robot builders
|-
| '''[https://sendcutsend.com/ SendCutSend]''' || Laser, waterjet and router cutting; bending, tapping and other finishing || Very popular with insect-class builders. Offers aluminum (5052, 6061, 7075), AR400/AR500, 4130 chromoly, 1095 and spring steel, titanium (Grade 2 and Grade 5), carbon fiber, G10, UHMW, HDPE, polycarbonate and Delrin, among others. No S7 tool steel. See their '''[https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ materials list]'''.
|-
| '''[https://www.oshcut.com/ OSH Cut]''' || Laser cutting and bending || Offers AR500, 4130, 7075, tool steels such as D2 and O1, and spring steels. See their '''[https://www.oshcut.com/materials materials list]'''.
|-
| '''[https://www.xometry.com/ Xometry]''' || CNC machining, sheet metal, waterjet, 3D printing || Instant online quotes. (Big Blue Saw, once popular with builders, now redirects to Xometry.)
|-
| '''[https://www.ponoko.com/ Ponoko]''' || Laser cutting of plastics and metals || Good for small plastic and thin metal parts.
|-
| '''[https://jlcpcb.com/ JLCPCB]''' and '''[https://www.pcbway.com/ PCBWay]''' || Circuit boards, plus CNC machining, sheet metal and 3D printing || Known for low prices; shipping from overseas adds time. Their circuit board services are also handy for custom electronics.
|}

==Material suppliers==
If you cut or machine parts yourself, or need materials a cutting service doesn't offer:
* '''[https://www.mcmaster.com/ McMaster-Carr]''' – almost everything: plastic sheet (including thin UHMW and polycarbonate), metal stock, S7 tool steel bar, fasteners and hardware.
* '''[https://www.onlinemetals.com/ OnlineMetals]''' – metals and plastics cut to size, with a section for '''[https://www.onlinemetals.com/en/educational-and-combat-robotics educational and combat robotics]'''.
* '''[https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/ Metal Supermarkets]''' – a chain of local stores that cut metal to size.
* '''[https://www.speedymetals.com/ Speedy Metals]''' – metal stock.
* '''[https://www.titaniumjoe.com/ Titanium Joe]''' – titanium sheet and bar.
* '''[https://www.rockwestcomposites.com/ Rock West Composites]''' and '''[https://dragonplate.com/ DragonPlate]''' – carbon fiber sheet and tube.
* '''[https://www.professionalplastics.com/ Professional Plastics]''' and '''[https://www.eplastics.com/ eplastics]''' – plastic sheet such as UHMW, polycarbonate and Delrin.
* '''[https://www.grainger.com/ Grainger]''' – industrial supplies, stock and hardware.

==Tips for ordering==
* '''Files:''' cutting services usually want a 2D vector file (DXF, DWG, AI or SVG) drawn at full size; machining and 3D printing services want a 3D model (STEP or STL). Most '''[[OnlineTools|CAD programs]]''' can export these.
* '''Check the design rules first.''' Each service lists minimum hole sizes, minimum distances between holes and edges, and the smallest features it can cut, which depend on the material and thickness. Holes smaller than the material thickness often aren't possible in metal.
* '''Hole sizes:''' laser and waterjet-cut holes aren't perfectly precise. If a bearing or shaft needs a tight fit, cut the hole slightly undersize and ream or drill it to size, or use the service's tapping or hardware options.
* '''Hardened materials:''' AR400/AR500 and Grade 5 titanium usually can't be bent, and AR steel is very hard to drill afterwards, so design all holes into the cut file.
* '''Heat treatment:''' cutting services generally don't heat treat. Steels like 1095 or S7 are shipped soft (annealed) and need professional heat treatment to reach full strength.
* '''Order early, and order spares.''' Shipping takes time, and you'll want extra wedges, weapons and armor panels for repairs between matches.

==See also==
* '''[[Armor and Materials]]'''
* '''[[3D Printing]]'''
* '''[[Suppliers]]'''
* '''[[Tools For Beginners]]'''
* '''[[Hand Tools and Basic Machining]]''' – making parts yourself

Events

2026-10-17T23:26:42Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

[[File:WAR_Sportsman.jpg|thumb|400px|Sportsman Rumble at WAR]]
==Robot Event Clubs==
The '''[[Local Groups]]''' has local robot combat groups for you to visit or join!

==Finding Robot Combat Events==
Most events are listed on one of these sites:

*The '''[https://www.robotcombatevents.com RobotCombatEvents]''' website has Search and [https://www.robotcombatevents.com/event_map Map View] features to find events by location; perhaps there's one near you! If you don't see any close by, search for past events to learn which organizations operate nearby, and watch for their next event to be listed.

*The '''[https://www.buildersdb.com/ Builder's Database]''' site has been beautifully refreshed and has many of the same features. Check both sites to make sure you aren't missing any events in your area.

*The '''[https://bristolbotbuilders.com/events/ BBB Events Listing]''' features both UK and EU events.

*The '''[https://www.rampagebots.co.uk/events Rampage Events]''' page shows a variety of UK-based events.

*For bigger competitions to aim for, such as NHRL, BattleBots and international championships, see '''[[Major Competitions]]'''.

==Hosting Your Own Robot Combat Events==
So you've got the robot combat bug and you want to host an event. You should attend one and volunteer to help to learn how they are run. If you are sure you want to make a poor life choice and host your own event, head over to '''[[SPARC]]''' for a treasure trove of information for Event Organizers, including '''[[SPARC Tournament Procedures|Tournament Procedures]]''', '''[[SPARC Match Rules|Match Rules]]''', '''[[SPARC Judging Guidelines|Judging Guidelines]]''', '''[[SPARC Arena Construction Best Practices|Arena Construction]]''' and more. Once you've read everything then you need to think about where you'll store the arena, how it will be transported, where you will hold your events, and how will you get help running them. It's a big commitment and if you are ready to do it the rewards can be terrific but know what you are getting yourself into. See '''[[Running an Event]]''' for a step-by-step guide to arenas, venues, safety, insurance, registration and running the day.

There are a lot of best-practices for Event Organizers on how to prepare for events, set things up so they run smoothly, and avoid common pitfalls. If you are serious about starting an event (it doesn't need to be a big event), send an email to robotcombatevents@gmail.com to be put into contact with other organizers.

Drum Spinners

2026-10-17T23:26:41Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

A '''drum spinner''' (or "drum") is a robot with a short, wide spinning weapon mounted low across its front, spinning on a horizontal axis so the teeth strike upward. Drums are a close cousin of the '''[[Vertical Spinners|vertical spinner]]''': the difference is mostly shape. A drum is about as wide as the robot and has a small diameter, while a vert's weapon is tall and narrow. Drums are one of the most common and successful designs in the insect classes, because they're compact, tough and easy to aim. This page covers what's specific to drums; for the shared engineering (stored energy, tip speed, bite, spin-up, materials, shafts and bearings) see '''[[Spinner Design]]'''. For other weapon types see '''[[Weapons]]'''.

''Safety: a drum stores a lot of energy for its size. Only spin it up in an arena or a '''[[Test Boxes|test box]]''', and always fit a weapon lock outside the arena. See '''[[Safety]]''', '''[[Failsafes]]''' and the '''Safety''' section below.''

__TOC__

==Variants==
* '''Drum:''' a solid or hollow cylinder with teeth, either machined in or bolted on. For a given mass and diameter, a hollow drum stores the most energy of the common weapon shapes, because its mass is all far from the axis.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html] Solid drums are tougher but store less energy per gram.
* '''Eggbeater:''' an open loop (often a square or rounded frame) instead of a solid cylinder. It can be larger in diameter for the same weight, giving more bite, and stores more energy than a disc of the same mass and diameter.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html] Eggbeaters create a lot of air drag, which grows rapidly with speed, so weapon motors and ESCs can overheat or hit current limits if you just add RPM.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html] See also '''[[Vertical Spinners]]'''.
* '''Beater bar:''' a flat or shaped bar, often with one or two teeth, spinning across the front. Simpler to make than a drum and gives big bite for its weight, but stores less energy. The name comes from the spinning brush bar in an upright vacuum cleaner (see '''[[Weapons#Drum spinner|Weapons]]''').
* '''Full-body drum:''' the whole robot is a drum, with a chassis inside and wheels at the ends. The drum usually rides on bearings around the chassis and is driven from inside, and an arm or tail rests on the floor so the chassis doesn't spin with the drum.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/design.html] They're impressive but hard to build, and few are seen at events.

==Strengths and weaknesses==
'''Strengths'''
* '''Easy to aim.''' A drum covers the full width of the robot's front, so the driver just has to point and drive.
* '''Compact and tough.''' The weapon sits low and close to the chassis, supported on both sides, so drums handle big hits well.
* '''Recoil goes into the floor,''' as with verts, so a drum usually stays in place after a hit.
* '''Upward throws''' flip opponents and cause fall damage.
* '''Often invertible or self-righting,''' since many drums are symmetrical top-to-bottom or can gyro-right (see below).

'''Weaknesses'''
* '''Small diameter''' means less energy and bite than a big vert of the same weight.
* '''Gyroscopic effect''' lifts one side of the robot in fast turns, as with verts.
* '''Low ground clearance''' and a weapon close to the floor make drums sensitive to arena seams and debris.
* '''Weapon-to-weapon hits''' with other drums and verts are common and hard on belts, bearings and teeth.
* Only dangerous from the front; a fast opponent that gets to the side can push the drum around.

==Matchups==
Weapon matchups are often compared to rock-paper-scissors: no design beats everything, and if your opponent brings a drum, another drum gives you no special advantage.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/design.html] Driving and build quality usually matter more than weapon type.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html] Typical tendencies:
{| class="wikitable"
! Opponent !! How it usually goes for a drum
|-
| Another drum or '''[[Vertical Spinners|vert]]''' || Weapon-to-weapon hits decide many of these fights. When two drums or eggbeaters meet head-on, the one with the higher tip speed tends to win, so builders who expect a lot of drums keep extra RPM in reserve.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html] A big vert has more reach and energy; a drum has a more stable chassis.
|-
| '''[[Horizontal Spinners|Horizontal spinner]]''' || Often favorable. The drum can hit the horizontal's weapon from below and send it flying while its own recoil goes into the floor.
|-
| '''[[Wedges and Control Robots|Wedge or control bot]]''' || Depends on who gets lower. A low, hard wedge can deflect the drum and push it around. Many wedge builders swap in hinged drop forks to get under drums and eggbeaters.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/design.html]
|-
| '''[[Flippers and Lifters|Flipper or lifter]]''' || Can be risky. A drum can damage the flipper's front, but if the lifter gets under it, the drum needs to be invertible or able to self-right.
|-
| '''[[Hammers and Axes|Hammer or axe]]''' || Usually favorable, though a hammer landing on top of the drum's chassis can do damage.
|}

==Design considerations==
===Ground clearance===
A drum works best when its teeth pass just above the floor, so they can catch the opponent's lowest edge. But very low clearance causes its own problems: arena seams, uneven floors and debris can catch the chassis or the weapon.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/design.html] Many drums use replaceable forks or wedgelets in front of the drum to lift the opponent into the teeth; some instead slope the front back underneath the weapon so the large weapon can bite deeply.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html] Check both upright and inverted clearance if the robot is invertible.

===Bite vs. tooth count===
Drums are small and spin fast, so bite is often their weak point. Each extra tooth reduces bite (see '''[[Spinner Design#Bite|Bite]]'''), so many drums use only one or two rows of teeth. The useful tooth height depends on your attack speed, weapon RPM and number of teeth:[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html]
:'''Useful tooth height = attack speed (per second) × 60 ÷ (RPM × number of teeth)'''
There's no single best balance: against hard, smooth opponents you want all the bite you can get, while drum-vs-drum fights favor speed over bite.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html]

===Belt vs. direct drive===
* '''Belt drive''' is the most common arrangement. The motor sits behind or beside the drum and drives it with a belt, which can slip slightly and protect the motor from impacts.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html] Belts can be cut, thrown or worn, so carry spares, and get the tension right: brushless outrunners aren't designed for heavy sideways loads on their cans.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html]
* '''Direct drive''' puts the motor inside the drum, with the drum acting as (or bolted to) the motor's rotating can. It's very compact and common in 150 g and 1 lb drums, but the motor's bearings take every hit. Ask Aaron notes that hollow motor-in-drum weapons become generally unsuitable for large robots, which store much more energy.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html]
See '''[[Spinner Design#Driving the weapon|Spinner Design]]''' for more.

===Gyroscopic effect, wide chassis and self-righting===
A drum resists turning just like a vert, lifting one side in fast turns. A '''wider wheelbase''' (or 4WD) and smooth turning reduce the problem; the '''[http://runamok.tech/insanity/gyroscopiceffect.html gyroscopic effect calculator]''' helps you check a design.[http://runamok.tech/insanity/gyroscopiceffect.html] The same effect lets many drums self-right by spinning up and turning sharply while upside down – see '''[[Self-Righting]]'''.

===Mounting and balance===
* Support the drum on both ends with strong, well-braced mounts and easily replaceable bearings. In most cases a metal or very stiff frame is needed.
* Balance the drum carefully; an unbalanced drum vibrates, wastes energy and wrecks bearings.
* See '''[[Weapon Shafts, Bearings and Mounting]]'''.

==Powering a drum in the insect classes==
''As of 2026; parts change quickly.''
* '''Brushless outrunner motors''' are standard at every insect weight (see '''[[Motors]]''', '''[[Insect Class Motors]]''' and '''[[ESCs]]'''). For beetleweights, Ask Aaron suggests about 150 W per pound of robot and about 6% of the robot's weight, typically a 28 mm or 36 mm outrunner.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html]
* Both belt drive and motor-in-drum layouts are used in insect drums; weigh compactness against motor protection (see above).

==Safety==
* '''[[SPARC Robot Construction Specifications|SPARC rules]]''' require a clearly visible weapon lock whenever the robot is out of the arena, and it must be in place when you power on. Spinners must stop within 60 seconds of power being removed, using their own braking, and flywheels must not spin outside the arena or a testing area.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Robot_Construction_Specifications_v1.7.pdf] Check your event's own rules too.
* A drum's lock usually goes through the chassis and between the teeth so the drum can't turn.
* Test the weapon only in a '''[[Test Boxes|test box]]''' or arena, and check your '''[[Failsafes|failsafe]]''' every time you change radio settings. See also '''[[LiPo Battery Safety]]'''.

==Famous examples==
''From BattleBots robot profiles, as of 2026.''
* '''Minotaur''' – drum spinner from Brazil's RioBotz.[https://battlebots.com/robot/minotaur-2019/]
* '''Copperhead''' – drum spinner.[https://battlebots.com/robot/copperhead/]
* '''Black Dragon''' – eggbeater spinner.[https://battlebots.com/robot/black-dragon/]

==Open-source designs==
A few printable drum spinners from the list on '''[[3D Printing]]''' (more there):
* '''[https://www.printables.com/model/299307-terminator-a-well-documented-antweight-combat-robo Terminator]''' (1 lb) – well documented drum spinner.
* '''[https://github.com/srikarkanamar/CORROSION---A-Plastic-Antweight-Combat-Robot CORROSION]''' (1 lb plastic ant) – 4WD drum with a design write-up.
* '''[https://www.printables.com/model/744675-break-check-1lb-plastic-antweight-combat-robot Break Check]''' (1 lb plastic ant) – modular drum spinner.
* '''[https://www.printables.com/model/1146209-beater-bar-battlebot-antweight-150-g Beater Bar Battlebot]''' (150 g) – beater bar.
* '''[https://github.com/KyleDavis2200/MicroNova MicroNova]''' (3 lb) – 4WD eggbeater with a STEP assembly.

==See also==
* '''[[Spinner Design]]''' – energy, tip speed, bite, gyroscopic effects, materials
* '''[[Vertical Spinners]]''' and '''[[Horizontal Spinners]]'''
* '''[[Weapons]]''' – all weapon types
* '''[[Self-Righting]]'''
* '''[[Hardening Motors]]'''
* '''[[Test Boxes]]''', '''[[Safety]]''', '''[[Failsafes]]'''
* '''[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html Ask Aaron – Spinning Weapon FAQ]'''

Driving Practice

2026-10-17T23:26:41Z

RobotRobot: Link new pages (round 3)

Driving skill wins more matches than almost anything else. Many experienced builders say driving ability is the single biggest factor in winning, and some teams arrive at events having barely driven their own robot.[https://makezine.com/article/technology/robotics/10-rules-to-win-at-robot-combat/][https://engineerdog.com/2018/06/03/what-are-the-key-ingredients-for-a-competitive-combat-robot/] This page covers how to practice, radio settings that help, basic strategy against common opponents, and driving with the judges in mind.

''Safety: only run your weapon inside an arena or a '''[[Test Boxes|test box]]'''. For driving practice outside, remove or disconnect the weapon, or lock it.''

__TOC__

==Start early==
* Get your robot driving as early as possible in the build, and practice as much as you can before the event. One common suggestion is to build a cheap, simple "junk bot" first, just to learn to drive.[https://combatrobotics.wiki.duke.edu/index.php/Making_your_first_combat_robot]
* Practice hitting things before the event, too: don't let the first time your robot hits something be at the tournament.[https://combatrobotics.byu.edu/getting-started/helpful-tips]

==Drills==
Team Run Amok suggests drills like these:[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/events.html]
* '''Figure eight''' around two objects, as smoothly as you can. Then do it in reverse.
* '''Numbered targets:''' chalk six numbered circles on the floor; a friend calls out numbers at random and you drive to each one as fast as you can. Add obstacles as you improve.
* '''Push into a corner:''' push several loose objects into one chosen corner.
* '''Line up and hit:''' back far away from a target, line up, and hit it at full speed.
Other useful practice:
* '''Chase a moving target,''' such as a cheap RC car driven by a friend.[https://makezine.com/article/technology/robotics/10-rules-to-win-at-robot-combat/] A real opponent will come at you rather than run away, so practicing against another combat robot is even better.
* '''Drive upside down.''' Robots get flipped all the time. When inverted, forward and backward swap, and with practice it becomes natural.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/radio.html] (See '''[[Self-Righting]]'''.)
* '''Drive on half a drivetrain:''' disconnect one side and learn to limp around. It happens in matches, and under SPARC rules a robot that can still move in a controlled line isn't counted out.
* '''Practice in a real arena''' whenever you can, for example at a club build night.

==Radio settings that help==
See '''[[Radios]]''', '''[[Radios/Mixing]]''' and Team Run Amok's '''[https://runamok.tech/RunAmok/zigzag.html Transmitter Tweaks]''' guide:
* '''Trim''' the drive so both sides start moving at the same stick position, with the wheels off the ground.
* '''Dual rates:''' lower the steering rate (for example to 50%) for precise driving, with a switch for full rate.
* '''Expo''' makes the stick less sensitive near the center while keeping full speed at the ends, which helps with fine control.
* '''End points:''' turn down the faster side so the robot drives straight at full speed.
* '''Invert switch:''' many radios can flip the controls for driving upside down. Some drivers find switching distracting and simply learn to drive inverted.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/radio.html]
* '''Gyros''' can help some robots (especially two-wheel designs) drive straight, but they can cause uncontrolled spinning when the robot is upside down, so have a way to switch them off.[https://runamok.tech/RunAmok/gyro.html]
* After changing trims or mixing, '''re-check your [[Failsafes|failsafe]]'''.

==Strategy against common opponents==
These are general guidelines, not rules – every matchup is different. See '''[[Weapons]]''' for how each weapon type works, and the '''[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=Common_Robot_Types NHRL guide to common robot types]''' for strengths and weaknesses.
* '''Vertical spinners and drums''' turn more slowly when their weapon is up to speed, because of gyroscopic forces (see '''[[Spinner Design]]'''). Moving around their side can work. A wedge can be a big target for a vertical spinner. (see '''[[Vertical Spinners]]''' and '''[[Drum Spinners]]''')
* '''Horizontal spinners''' cover a wide area. A low, strong wedge can get under them, and tipping them up can make them unstable. (see '''[[Horizontal Spinners]]''')
* '''Spinner against spinner:''' going weapon-to-weapon usually favors the faster or more energetic weapon. If yours is weaker, avoid weapon-to-weapon hits and aim for other parts of the robot.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/events.html]
* '''Wedges and control robots''' win more often than many people expect – in one study of beetleweights, wedges won 65% of their matches.[https://runamok.tech/RunAmok/weapon_2016.html] Against them, avoid getting pushed into walls and hazards, and keep your weapon pointed at them. (see '''[[Wedges and Control Robots]]''')
* '''Flippers and lifters''' try to flip you or pin you. Have a plan for being upside down. (see '''[[Flippers and Lifters]]''')
* '''Hammers and axes''' hit the top of your robot, often its weakest part. Keep moving, since hammers are hard to aim. (see '''[[Hammers and Axes]]''')
* '''Undercutters''' sit very low; they can struggle on rough floors and are vulnerable once flipped.
* For match planning, using the arena and how matches are won, see '''[[Strategy and Tactics]]'''.

==Arena awareness==
* Know where the pits, hazards, push-outs and corners are before the match starts.
* Under the standard '''[[SPARC Match Rules]]''', pins are limited to 5 seconds (stationary) or 10 seconds (active), and a robot that enters a pit or push-out zone loses. If you push your opponent in but get stuck yourself, it counts as both robots entering.
* Avoid getting stuck on walls: under the standard un-stick rule, you don't get an un-stick if your opponent put you there.

==Driving for the judges==
If the match goes to the judges, how you drive matters. Under the '''[[SPARC Judging Guidelines]]''', robots score for engagement by attacking, chasing and pinning, and lose points for sitting and waiting or running away. Short pauses to spin up a weapon or self-right don't count against you, and being slow isn't held against you either. Many builders' best advice is simple: go for the knockout, and try not to need the judges at all.[https://makezine.com/article/technology/robotics/10-rules-to-win-at-robot-combat/]

==Simulators==
There's no widely used driving simulator for combat robots, but '''[https://robot-rumble.itch.io/builds Robot Rumble 2]''' is a free game where you can design robots and practice driving them.

==See also==
* '''[[Pit Kit and Event Checklist]]'''
* '''[[Strategy and Tactics]]'''
* '''[[GettingStarted]]''' – includes advice on preparing yourself
* '''[[Radios]]'''

Drive Systems

2026-10-17T23:26:40Z

RobotRobot: Fix belt-slip citation

A robot's drive system – its motors, gearing and wheels – decides how fast it goes, how hard it pushes, and how well it handles. A great weapon is useless if the robot can't get it to the opponent. This page covers drivetrain layouts, motors for each weight class, gearing, and protecting the drive from hits. See also '''[[Wheels]]''', '''[[Motors]]''' and '''[[Insect Class Motors]]'''.

__TOC__

==Steering==
Almost every combat robot uses '''tank steering''' (also called skid or differential steering): the wheels on each side are driven separately, and the robot turns by running the two sides at different speeds. It's simple, strong, and lets the robot spin in place. Car-style steering isn't used. Your radio mixes throttle and steering for you (see '''[[Radios/Mixing]]'''). For other steering types, see '''[[NameThatPart]]'''.

==Layouts==
* '''2-wheel drive (2WD)''': light and simple, and favored by many top robots, but the wheels need to carry most of the weight (around two thirds) or they lose traction, and the robot can tip under hard acceleration.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/design.html] Many drum spinners use 2WD.
* '''4-wheel drive (4WD)''': pushes harder and tracks straighter, but drags its wheels sideways when turning. Small robots often drive four wheels with two motors, using belts or gears to link the front and back wheels on each side.
* '''6-wheel drive''': usually with the middle wheels set slightly lower so the robot pivots on them when it turns.
* '''Mecanum and omni wheels''' let a robot drive sideways, but give up traction and pushing power, so they're rare in combat.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/motors.html]
* '''Walkers and shufflers''' get weight bonuses under SPARC rules: 1.25× for shufflers, 1.5× for non-traditional drives (such as vibration or bristle drives and hovercraft), and 2× for true walkers (see '''[[SPARC Robot Construction Specifications]]''').

==Transmitting power==
* '''Gearmotors''' – a motor with a built-in gearbox driving the wheel directly. The most common choice in insect classes.
* '''Belts''' – link wheels on the same side, and can slip a little under shock, which can help protect the gearbox (Ask Aaron makes the same point about weapon belts).[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html] Repeat Robotics sells '''[https://repeat-robotics.com/products/ant-beetle-drive-belts drive belts]''' sized for ants and beetles.
* '''Gears and chains''' – strong and no slip, but they pass every shock straight to the motor. Chains are mostly seen in larger robots.
* '''Friction (tangent) drive''' – a brushless motor's knurled shaft presses directly on the tire, with no gearbox. Light and simple, but it needs firm tires and the right amount of pressure: too little slips, too much overloads the motor.[https://repeat-robotics.com/products/tangent-drive-1406][https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/direct_drive.html]

==Motors by weight class==
''Typical choices as of 2026. Products come and go, so check the '''[[Suppliers]]'''.''
* '''150 g:''' N20 and smaller N10 brushed micro gearmotors, such as FingerTech '''[https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=N20-Mini-Spark Mini Sparks]''' and '''[https://www.pololu.com/category/60/micro-metal-gearmotors Pololu micro metal gearmotors]'''.
* '''1 lb:''' N20s, 16 mm brushed gearmotors such as the FingerTech '''[https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=ft-Sspark16 Silver Spark]''' and '''[https://repeat-robotics.com/products/repeat-mini-brushed-mk2-1pcs Repeat Mini Brushed]''', and small brushless gearmotors.
* '''3 lb:''' 22 mm brushed planetary gearmotors (FingerTech, Repeat Robotics, BotKits), or brushless gearmotors such as the Repeat '''[https://repeat-robotics.com/products/repeat-compact-1806-mk2 Compact]''' and FingerTech '''[https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=ft-mega-spark-bl-1500KV Brushless Mega Spark]''', and Just Cuz Robotics '''[https://justcuzrobotics.com/products/blitz-lite-1604 Blitz]''' motors.
* '''12 lb and 30 lb:''' larger brushless gearmotors, often with hex output shafts, such as the Repeat '''[https://repeat-robotics.com/products/repeat-ultra-mk2 Ultra]''' and '''[https://repeat-robotics.com/products/repeat-drive-magnum Magnum]''', and Just Cuz '''[https://justcuzrobotics.com/products/zombox ZomBox]'''.
* As a rough guide for brushless drives, all the drive motors together usually weigh around 2–3% of the robot's weight. Brushless drive performance depends heavily on the ESC and its firmware (see '''[[ESCs]]''').[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/brushless_size.html]

==Gearing and speed==
Top speed (with no load) is:
:'''Speed = π × wheel diameter × (motor RPM ÷ gear ratio)'''
For brushless motors, motor RPM is roughly Kv × battery voltage.

'''Examples:'''
* A brushless gearmotor with a 2300 Kv motor on a 3S battery (11.1 V) spins about 25,500 RPM. Through a 22.6:1 gearbox that's about 1,130 RPM at the wheel. With 1.75" wheels: π × 1.75" × 1,130 ≈ 6,200 inches per minute, or about 5.9 mph.
* An N20 gearmotor turning 1,215 RPM with 1.25" wheels gives about 4.5 mph. Around 4 mph is plenty for an antweight in a small arena.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/ants.html]

Real robots go slower than these no-load numbers. Faster isn't always better: lower gearing gives more acceleration and pushing power, which matters in small arenas, and extra power beyond what the tires can grip just spins the wheels. Team Run Amok's '''[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/optimum.html optimum gearing guide]''' and the '''[https://runamok.tech/squid/newtorquecalc.htm Tentacle torque calculator]''' ('''[https://runamok.tech/squid/bl_torquecalc.htm brushless version]''') help you choose. See also '''[[Speed Reduction]]''' and '''[[OnlineTools]]'''.

==Protecting the drive==
* '''Support the output shaft.''' Don't let the wheel hang off the end of a gearmotor's shaft; support it on both sides with a bearing where you can.[https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=ft-bearing-block]
* '''Mount motors mechanically''' with proper clamps or mounts – not glue, tape or zip ties.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/design.html]
* '''Harden your gearboxes''': threadlock the screws, and glue gearbox cases that tend to come apart. See '''[[Hardening Motors]]'''.
* '''Shock-mount''' the drive or the whole chassis in high-energy classes (see '''[[Armor and Materials]]''').
* Keep the wheels covered by wedges or armor where possible (see '''[[Wheels]]''').

==Further reading==
* '''[https://repeat-robotics.com/pages/combat-handbook Repeat Robotics – Combat Robot Design Handbook]'''
* '''[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/ants.html Ask Aaron – Ants, Beetles and Fairies]''' (Team Run Amok)
* '''[https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial RioBotz Combot Tutorial]'''
* '''[https://combatrobotics.byu.edu/getting-started/helpful-tips BYU Combat Robotics – Helpful Tips]'''

Heavyweight

2026-10-17T23:23:49Z

RobotRobot: New weight-class page: Heavyweight

The '''Heavyweight''' class is the one most people know from TV. In the US a heavyweight weighs up to '''250 lb''' (113.4 kg), the BattleBots limit. In the UK and under FRA rules the limit is '''110 kg''' (242.5 lb), the class fought on Robot Wars. Heavyweights are built by teams rather than individuals. They need industrial parts, a workshop, a truck or trailer, and an arena that costs six figures, and as of 2026 only a few events in the world can run them. NHRL's starter guide calls these 250 lb robots "extremely heavy and expensive" and suggests starting in its 3, 12 or 30 lb classes.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php/Combat_Robotics_Starter%27s_Guide]

__TOC__

==Rules==
* '''SPARC''' lists two heavyweight classes in the '''[[SPARC Tournament Procedures]]''': '''UK Heavyweight''' at 242.5 lb (110 kg) and '''US Heavyweight''' at 250 lb (113.4 kg).[https://sparc.tools/SPARC%20Tournament%20Procedures%20v1.2.pdf] Its locomotion bonuses for 250 lb are 312.5 lb for shufflers, 375 lb for non-traditional drives and 500 lb for walkers. For 242.5 lb they are 303.13 lb, 363.75 lb and 485 lb (see '''[[SPARC Robot Construction Specifications]]''').[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Robot_Construction_Specifications_v1.7.pdf]
* '''UK (FRA)''': 110 kg. Event organisers may grant extra weight, for example to walkers.[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf] The original Robot Wars series used a 100 kg limit for contestant robots.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Wars_(TV_series)]
* '''RoboGames''' lists a 250 lb / 113 kg combat class.[http://robogames.net/events.php] Some US events and arena guides use 220 lb instead, including SPARC's arena guide and the heavyweight category on RobotCombatEvents.com, so check your event.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Arena_Construction_Best_Practices_v1.1.pdf]

===BattleBots===
The current '''[https://battlebots.com/rules/ BattleBots rules]''' (the 2027 Design Rules, Rev. 2027.0, still marked "draft" as of October 2026) set these limits:[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/BattleBots-Design-Rules-Rev.-2027.01.pdf]
* '''Weight:''' 250.0 lb ready to fight, with no minimum. Flying robots are limited to 10 lb each.
* '''Weight that doesn't count:''' safety covers and restraints; one or two small cameras; a BattleBots telemetry package; and, new for 2027, a flame-effect module of up to 4 lb. Decoration of up to 10 lb is allowed on top of the 250 lb, but it can't protect the robot or act as a weapon, and an opponent can ask for it to be removed before a match.
* '''Walkers and other non-wheeled robots:''' robots that don't use wheels "may" get extra weight. To count as a walker, a robot must move on two or more articulated legs, with no wheels or skids touching the floor. Robots with other unusual (non-wheeled) mobility may be allowed, case by case, up to a maximum of 500.0 lb. Any non-wheeled design must be pre-approved before you start building. The Design Rules don't give a fixed walker allowance, so ask BattleBots.
* '''Multibots:''' the robots together can't weigh more than 250 lb, and from 2027 the lightest segment must weigh at least half as much as the heaviest. BattleBots' 2027 summary says minibots are no longer permitted.[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Battlebots-Summary-of-2027-Rules-Updates.pdf]
* '''Size:''' the robot must start inside an 8 × 8 ft square and fit through the arena's 8 ft doors.
* '''Weapons:''' every robot needs an independently powered weapon. Spinning bars, drums and discs are limited to 80 lb, and shells or cages to 120 lb. No part may move faster than 370 ft/s, and spinner energy is capped at 150 kJ. Lifters must show they can raise 250 lb by 12 inches.

==Typical builds==
* '''Frame and armor:''' welded steel tube or machined aluminum and steel plate, with AR-type hardened steel, titanium or UHMW armor that's often bolted on so it can be swapped. Thick plate usually comes from a waterjet, plasma or laser shop (see '''[[Fabrication Services]]''' and '''[[Armor and Materials]]''').
* '''Weapons:''' large vertical and horizontal spinners, drums, flippers, lifters, hammers and saws (see '''[[Weapons]]''', '''[[Vertical Spinners]]''', '''[[Flippers and Lifters]]''' and '''[[Hammers and Axes]]''').
* '''Drive:''' large brushed DC motors or big brushless outrunners through chain, belt or gearbox reduction, often four- or six-wheel drive (see '''[[Drive Systems]]''').
* '''ESCs:''' '''[[VESC]]'''-based controllers such as the 84 V Flipsky 75200 are common in brushless builds, alongside industrial and large brushed controllers.[https://flipsky.net/products/flipsky-75200-84v-high-current-with-aluminum-pcb-based-on-vesc-for-fighting-robot-surfboard-agv-robot]
* '''Batteries and voltage:''' BattleBots allows any commercially available battery type. The weapon and drive systems may run at no more than 84 V fresh off the charger (74 V nominal, i.e. 20S lithium). Above 48 V nominal you must show BattleBots that your electrical system is well built. Batteries must come out of the robot after every match.[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/BattleBots-Design-Rules-Rev.-2027.01.pdf] FRA rules cap DC voltage at 75 V without the organiser's approval.[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf] See '''[[Batteries]]'''.
* '''Arena:''' SPARC's arena guide gives typical costs of $100,000 or more for a 220 lb arena. It recommends walls of 1.5" polycarbonate equivalent and a floor of at least 40 × 40 ft, with a welded steel frame.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Arena_Construction_Best_Practices_v1.1.pdf]

===What it costs===
As of October 2026, BattleKits lists its assembled Heavy Weight Kit drive platform at $1,690 without motors, and its motor options alone run up to $2,276 for four A28-400s. The kit weighs 83 lb with two motors, batteries and a controller.[https://battlekits.com/order/][https://battlekits.com/] A complete heavyweight also needs a weapon system, a lot of steel, multiple battery packs and chargers, spares for a full tournament, and travel for a crew. BattleBots itself warns that building a robot is "time consuming and expensive", and recommends not starting construction until your application has been accepted.[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/How-to-get-on-BattleBots.pdf]

==Safety requirements==
Overview only. Read the full rules for your event, and see '''[[Safety]]''', '''[[Failsafes]]''' and '''[[LiPo Battery Safety]]'''.
* '''Master switches:''' BattleBots requires at least two: one that cuts power to the drive and one that cuts power to the weapon (and any flame system). Removable jumper plugs are the preferred alternative. Lights must show when any system is powered, and one person must be able to activate or deactivate the robot in 30 seconds without getting into a weapon's path.[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/BattleBots-Design-Rules-Rev.-2027.01.pdf] SPARC requires a mechanical disconnect that can be operated within 15 seconds and full deactivation in under 60 seconds.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Robot_Construction_Specifications_v1.7.pdf] FRA heavyweights that can drive upside down need a second removable link on the opposite face.[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf] See '''[[Switches]]'''.
* '''Spinners:''' BattleBots requires a failsafe that cuts power to the spinner on signal loss, and the spinner must stop from full speed within 60 seconds. Any spinning part bolted together from smaller parts, including removable teeth, needs pre-approval.[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/BattleBots-Design-Rules-Rev.-2027.01.pdf] See '''[[Spinner Design]]'''.
* '''Pneumatics and hydraulics (overview only):''' BattleBots allows nitrogen or air, not CO2, at up to 3000 psi stored and 400 psi regulated, and hydraulics at up to 3000 psi, with a way to purge or depressurize as part of deactivation.[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/BattleBots-Design-Rules-Rev.-2027.01.pdf] FRA rules allow air or CO2 at up to 1000 psi and hydraulics at up to 10,000 psi with a mandatory test point.[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf] BattleBots' own advice is that if you aren't familiar with pneumatics, you should use another power source. This wiki doesn't give build instructions for these systems.
* '''Batteries:''' at BattleBots, lithium batteries are never allowed in the pit area. They live in a supervised charging and storage area and are inspected before charging.[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/BattleBots-Battery-Handling-Rules-Rev.2020.0.pdf]
* '''Handling:''' sharp edges need covers that are mechanically fastened, not held on by friction. Teams must bring their own dolly or hand-truck and may not hand-carry the robot except to load and unload it.[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/BattleBots-Design-Rules-Rev.-2027.01.pdf]
* '''Insurance and liability:''' events at this scale need liability insurance that covers robot combat, and competitors sign waivers. BattleBots states that builders assume the risk of designing, building and testing.[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/How-to-get-on-BattleBots.pdf] See '''[[Running an Event]]'''.

==Getting started==
* '''Learn on smaller robots.''' Nearly every heavyweight team has experience in smaller classes. NHRL recommends starting at 3, 12 or 30 lb.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php/Combat_Robotics_Starter%27s_Guide]
* '''Build a team.''' BattleBots' application guide stresses having a strong team and a top driver.[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/How-to-get-on-BattleBots.pdf] Typical roles are driver, weapon operator (sometimes the same person), mechanical lead, electrical and battery lead, and pit crew for repairs between fights (see '''[[Repairs Between Matches]]''' and '''[[Strategy and Tactics]]''').
* '''Shop space:''' you'll need a garage or industrial unit with welding and metal-cutting tools, a lift or engine hoist, and a safe test area. Live heavyweight weapons should only ever be run inside a proper enclosure or arena.
* '''Transport:''' plan for a trailer or van, a heavy-duty cart, straps, and approved battery storage for travel.
* '''Apply before building (BattleBots).''' Applications go through '''[https://book.battlebots.com/ book.battlebots.com]'''. BattleBots asks for renderings of the planned robot and a team video. Applicants may get the chance to fight at its "Proving Ground" in Las Vegas in front of the selection committee.[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/How-to-get-on-BattleBots.pdf] BattleBots' '''[https://battlebots.com/build/ build page]''' also recommends the RioBotz Combat Robot Tutorial.

==Where they fight==
As of October 2026:
* '''BattleBots''' (Las Vegas): the 2026 season is '''BattleBots: Pro League''', with 24 robots in a group-stage format, streaming as a 20-part season on the BattleBots YouTube channel from July 2, 2026.[https://battlebots.com/proleague/] BattleBots also runs a live show, Destruct-A-Thon, in Las Vegas.[https://battlebots.com/]
* '''RoboGames''' (San Francisco Bay Area) lists a 250 lb class. Its most recent world championship was its 20th, held April 18–21 in San Jose, and the next event is listed as "to be announced".[http://robogames.net/index.php][http://robogames.net/events.php]
* '''UK:''' Extreme Robots builds and fights 110 kg heavyweights, runs what it describes as the UK's only permanent heavyweight arena in Nottinghamshire, and lists live-show tour dates through 2026 and 2027.[https://www.extremerobots.co.uk/battling-robots][https://www.extremerobots.co.uk/] The FRA site also lists Robots Live!, RoboChallenge and Techno Events as UK event organisers.[https://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/content/375-events]
* '''[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/searches?search%5Bcategory%5D=event&search%5Bterms%5D=&search%5Btype_id%5D=1 RobotCombatEvents.com]''' lists a few heavyweight events in recent years, including RoboGames 2023–2024, Robo Riots Dublin 2022 (Ireland), Robotica at Comicpalooza 2022 (Houston) and BotBrawl at Anime North 2024 (Toronto).
* '''NHRL''' doesn't run heavyweights; its largest class is 30 lb.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=NHRL_Rules]

See '''[[Events]]''' and '''[[Major Competitions]]'''.

==Notable robots==
===BattleBots champions (2015 onward)===
From Wikipedia's results table; the robot names link to their official BattleBots profiles where one exists for World Championship VII.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BattleBots]
{| class="wikitable"
! Season !! Year !! Champion !! Runner-up
|-
| 6 (ABC season 1) || 2015 || Bite Force || Tombstone
|-
| 7 (ABC season 2) || 2016 || Tombstone || Bombshell
|-
| 8 (Discovery season 3) || 2018 || Bite Force || Minotaur
|-
| 9 || 2019 || Bite Force || Witch Doctor
|-
| 10 || 2020–2021 || '''[https://battlebots.com/robot/end-game-wcvii/ End Game]''' || Whiplash
|-
| 11 || 2022 || '''[https://battlebots.com/robot/tantrum-wcvii/ Tantrum]''' || Witch Doctor
|-
| 12 (World Championship VII) || 2023 || '''[https://battlebots.com/robot/sawblaze-wcvii/ SawBlaze]''' || '''[https://battlebots.com/robot/huge-wcvii/ HUGE]'''
|}

===Other well-documented heavyweights===
From their official BattleBots profiles:
* '''[https://battlebots.com/robot/minotaur-wcvii/ Minotaur]''' – drum spinner from RioBotz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
* '''[https://battlebots.com/robot/witch-doctor-wcvii/ Witch Doctor]''' – vertical disc spinner from Miami, Florida.
* '''[https://battlebots.com/robot/end-game-wcvii/ End Game]''' – vertical bar spinner from Auckland, New Zealand.
* '''[https://battlebots.com/robot/tantrum-wcvii/ Tantrum]''' – "puncher" from Seems Reasonable Robotics, Mountain View, California.
* '''[https://battlebots.com/robot/sawblaze-wcvii/ SawBlaze]''' – hammer saw from Cambridge, Massachusetts.
* '''[https://battlebots.com/robot/hydra-wcvii/ HYDRA]''' – launcher from Team Whyachi, Dorchester, Wisconsin.
* '''[https://battlebots.com/robot/bloodsport-wcvii/ Bloodsport]''' – horizontal bar spinner from Bots 'n' Stuff Robotics.
* '''[https://battlebots.com/robot/mammoth-wcvii/ Mammoth]''' – rotary flipper from Baltimore, Maryland.

===Earlier eras===
* In Comedy Central-era BattleBots (220 lb by 2002), '''Biohazard''' won the heavyweight title three times and '''Son of Whyachi''' won in season 3.0.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BattleBots] BattleKits' drive platforms are modelled on Biohazard.[https://battlekits.com/]
* UK '''Robot Wars''' (1998–2004 and 2016–2018) series champions include Chaos 2, Razer, Tornado, Typhoon 2, Apollo, Carbide and Eruption.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Wars_(TV_series)]

See '''[[Robot Combat History and TV]]''' for more history.

==See also==
* '''[[Middleweight]]''' (120 lb) and '''[[Lightweight]]''' (60 lb)
* '''[[Major Competitions]]'''
* '''[[RobotClasses|Robot Classes]]'''
* '''[[Multibots, Walkers and Shufflers]]'''
* '''[[Armor and Materials]]''', '''[[VESC]]''', '''[[Switches]]'''
* '''[[Safety]]''' and '''[[Failsafes]]'''

Middleweight

2026-10-17T23:23:38Z

RobotRobot: New weight-class page: Middleweight

The '''Middleweight''' class is for robots weighing up to '''120 lb''' (54.4 kg) in the US, or '''55 kg''' (about 121 lb) in the UK. Middleweights were a major class in the original BattleBots era, but as of 2026 they're one of the rarest classes to find an event for. Building one is closer to building a heavyweight than an insect: it takes a team, a real workshop, a vehicle to carry it, and an arena built for heavyweights.

__TOC__

==Rules==
* '''SPARC''': 120 lb (54.43 kg), called Middleweight in the '''[[SPARC Tournament Procedures]]'''.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC%20Tournament%20Procedures%20v1.2.pdf] Shufflers can weigh 150 lb, non-traditional drives 180 lb, and walkers 240 lb (see '''[[SPARC Robot Construction Specifications]]''' and '''[[Multibots, Walkers and Shufflers]]''').[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Robot_Construction_Specifications_v1.7.pdf]
* '''UK (FRA)''': 55 kg. Event organisers may grant bonus weight, for example to walkers, at their discretion.[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf]
* '''BattleBots (historical)''': the Comedy Central-era middleweight limit grew from 115 lb to 120 lb by the final seasons. Today's BattleBots has a single 250 lb class.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BattleBots]
* '''RoboGames''' lists a 120 lb / 54.5 kg combat class.[http://robogames.net/events.php]

==Typical builds==
Middleweights use the same kinds of parts as heavyweights, just smaller.
* '''Frame:''' welded steel or aluminum tube, or thick machined aluminum plate. Plate parts are commonly cut by '''[[Fabrication Services|waterjet, laser or plasma]]''', and SendCutSend cuts AR500 steel up to 0.500" thick.[https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/] Heavier sections usually need a local waterjet or plasma shop.
* '''Armor and weapons:''' AR500/AR-type and other hardened steels, titanium, and tool-steel spinner bars and drums (see '''[[Armor and Materials]]'''). Weapon shafts, bearings and fasteners are sized like those on small industrial machinery (see '''[[Fasteners and Hardware]]''').
* '''Drive:''' large brushed DC motors or 63–80 mm brushless outrunners through chain, belt or gear reduction, often four-wheel drive (see '''[[Drive Systems]]''' and '''[[Speed Reduction]]''').
* '''ESCs:''' '''[[VESC]]'''-based controllers such as the Flipsky 75200 (14–84 V) are popular for brushless setups, and large brushed controllers for brushed ones.[https://flipsky.net/products/flipsky-75200-84v-high-current-with-aluminum-pcb-based-on-vesc-for-fighting-robot-surfboard-agv-robot]
* '''Batteries:''' large LiPo or LiFePO4 packs. Above 48 V nominal, SPARC events need to approve the system, and FRA rules cap DC voltage at 75 V unless the organiser approves more.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Robot_Construction_Specifications_v1.7.pdf][http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf]
* '''Arena:''' SPARC's arena guide treats everything above 30 lb as welded-steel territory. For events up to 220 lb it suggests walls of 1.5" polycarbonate equivalent and a floor of at least 40 × 40 ft, and says such arenas cost $100,000 or more.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Arena_Construction_Best_Practices_v1.1.pdf]

===What it costs===
As of October 2026, BattleKits lists its assembled Middle Weight Kit drive platform at $1,340 without motors. Its motor options run from $238 for a pair of E30-400s to $2,276 for four A28-400s. With two A28-400 motors, batteries and an AmpFlow controller, the platform weighs about 62 lb, which shows how much of a 120 lb budget the drive alone can take.[https://battlekits.com/order/][https://battlekits.com/] Brushless parts are cheaper per watt: Flipsky lists the 75200 ESC from $120 and its 63100 motor at $137–143.[https://flipsky.net/products/flipsky-75200-84v-high-current-with-aluminum-pcb-based-on-vesc-for-fighting-robot-surfboard-agv-robot][https://flipsky.net/products/flipsky-sensored-outrunner-brushless-dc-motor-battle-hardened-63100-140kv-170kv-190kv-5500w] Once you add steel, a weapon, batteries, spares and travel, expect the total to run into many thousands of dollars.

==Safety requirements==
Overview only. Always read the current rules of the event you're entering, and see '''[[Safety]]''', '''[[Failsafes]]''' and '''[[LiPo Battery Safety]]'''.
* '''Shutdown:''' SPARC requires a mechanical main disconnect (a switch such as a Hella or Whyachi, or a removable link) that can be operated within 15 seconds without reaching into a weapon's path. Full deactivation must take under 60 seconds, and a power light must be visible.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Robot_Construction_Specifications_v1.7.pdf] FRA rules require a tool-free, insulated removable link instead of a key or switch.[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf] See '''[[Switches]]'''.
* '''Failsafes:''' drive and weapon must stop on signal loss, low receiver voltage or power loss. FRA rules also restrict which radio bands are allowed for each class; 2.4 GHz spread-spectrum is allowed in every class.[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf] See '''[[Radios]]'''.
* '''Pneumatics and hydraulics:''' SPARC's exemptions stop at 12 lb, so a middleweight must meet every rule on rated components, relief and dump valves, and fill fittings.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Robot_Construction_Specifications_v1.7.pdf] Under FRA rules, hydraulic accumulators are banned and hydraulic systems need a test point.[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf] These systems are well beyond this wiki's scope. Get an experienced mentor before attempting one.
* '''Spinners:''' FRA rules require advance approval for spinning weapons over 500 RPM, over 500 mm across, or heavier than 10% of the robot, and every spinner must stop within 60 seconds.[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf] See '''[[Spinner Design]]'''.
* '''Pits and handling:''' locking bars, mechanically fastened edge covers, and stands that lift the wheels off the floor are standard. Pull the main link before anyone works on the robot.
* '''Insurance and venues:''' few venues and insurers are set up for robots this size. Organisers need liability cover that names robot combat (see '''[[Running an Event]]''').

==Getting started==
* '''Experience first:''' build and fight smaller robots, ideally a '''[[Featherweight]]''' or '''[[Lightweight]]''', before tackling 120 lb.
* '''Crew roles:''' a typical team has a driver, a weapons and electrical lead, a mechanical lead who does repairs between fights (see '''[[Repairs Between Matches]]'''), and someone handling batteries, spares and paperwork. Moving and lifting a middleweight takes two or more people.
* '''Shop space:''' you'll need a garage or makerspace with welding, cutting and drilling tools that can handle thick steel (see '''[[Hand Tools and Basic Machining]]'''), plus a safe enclosure or large outdoor area for driving tests. Never spin up a weapon in the open.
* '''Transport:''' plan for a pickup, van or trailer, plus a heavy-duty dolly or cart, ramps or a lift, ratchet straps, and approved battery containers.
* '''Confirm the class:''' contact organisers before building. A 120 lb class only runs if enough robots enter, so ask what happens if too few register.

==Where they fight==
As of October 2026:
* '''RoboGames''' lists a 120 lb class. Its most recent world championship was its 20th, held April 18–21 in San Jose, and the next event is listed as "to be announced".[http://robogames.net/index.php][http://robogames.net/events.php]
* '''[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/searches?search%5Bcategory%5D=event&search%5Bterms%5D=&search%5Btype_id%5D=2 RobotCombatEvents.com]''' shows very few 120 lb listings in recent years, mainly RoboGames 2023–2024 and Brendan's Bash in Victoria, Australia (2022).
* '''NHRL''' runs only 3, 12 and 30 lb classes.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=NHRL_Rules]
* In the '''UK''', the FRA rules define a 55 kg class; ask the FRA-listed event organisers about middleweight fights.[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf]

See '''[[Events]]''' and '''[[Major Competitions]]'''.

==Notable robots==
The best-documented middleweights fought in the original BattleBots. Wikipedia's results table lists these champions:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BattleBots]
{| class="wikitable"
! Season !! Middleweight champion
|-
| BattleBots 1.0 (2000) || Hazard
|-
| BattleBots 2.0 (2000–2001) || Spaz
|-
| BattleBots 3.0 (2001) || Hazard
|-
| BattleBots 4.0 (2002) || Hazard
|-
| BattleBots 5.0 (2002) || T-Minus
|}
* '''Blade Runner''' – a Comedy Central-era middleweight and the first robot to attempt meltybrain drive, though the technology never worked as planned (see '''[[Melty Brain]]''').[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_drift]
* '''Chiabot''' – a middleweight entered in all five Comedy Central seasons by SimCity creator Will Wright.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BattleBots]

See '''[[Robot Combat History and TV]]''' for more history.

==See also==
* '''[[Lightweight]]''' (60 lb) and '''[[Heavyweight]]''' (250 lb)
* '''[[Featherweight]]''' (30 lb)
* '''[[RobotClasses|Robot Classes]]'''
* '''[[Armor and Materials]]''', '''[[VESC]]''', '''[[Switches]]'''
* '''[[Safety]]''' and '''[[Failsafes]]'''

Lightweight

2026-10-17T23:23:27Z

RobotRobot: New weight-class page: Lightweight

The '''Lightweight''' class is for robots weighing up to '''60 lb''' (27.2 kg) in the US, or '''30 kg''' (about 66 lb) in the UK. It's the first of the "big bot" classes: a lightweight is too heavy for one person to carry comfortably, hits hard enough to need a welded steel arena, and costs far more than an insect. Very few events run it as of 2026, so check the schedule before you start a design. NHRL's starter guide doesn't recommend even 30 lb as a first robot, and the same advice applies here with more force.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php/Combat_Robotics_Starter%27s_Guide]

__TOC__

==Rules==
* '''SPARC''': 60 lb (27.22 kg), called Lightweight in the '''[[SPARC Tournament Procedures]]'''.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC%20Tournament%20Procedures%20v1.2.pdf] Shufflers can weigh 75 lb, non-traditional drives 90 lb, and walkers 120 lb (see '''[[SPARC Robot Construction Specifications]]''' and '''[[Multibots, Walkers and Shufflers]]''').[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Robot_Construction_Specifications_v1.7.pdf]
* '''UK (FRA)''': 30 kg. The FRA lets event organisers grant bonus weight, for example to walkers, but leaves the amount to each event.[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf]
* '''BattleBots (historical)''': the Comedy Central-era BattleBots ran a lightweight class, which grew from 58 lb to 60 lb by the final seasons. The modern BattleBots has only one class, 250 lb (see '''[[Heavyweight]]''').[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BattleBots]
* '''RoboGames''' lists a 60 lb / 27.3 kg combat class.[http://robogames.net/events.php]

The UK and US limits differ by about 6 lb, so a robot built to the FRA limit is overweight at a SPARC event.

==Typical builds==
At this size, most builders stop using hobby parts and switch to industrial and electric-vehicle parts.
* '''Frame:''' welded steel or aluminum tube, or machined and bolted aluminum plate. Many builders have plates cut by '''[[Fabrication Services|online laser or waterjet services]]''' and then weld or bolt them together. SendCutSend, for example, cuts AR500 steel from 0.119" to 0.500" thick.[https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/]
* '''Armor and weapons:''' AR500 and similar hardened plate, titanium, thick UHMW, and tool-steel weapons (see '''[[Armor and Materials]]''').
* '''Drive:''' large brushed motors, such as the AmpFlow-family motors that BattleKits offers with its drive platforms, or brushless outrunners in the 63–70 mm range through a gearbox or chain reduction (see '''[[Drive Systems]]''' and '''[[Speed Reduction]]''').[https://battlekits.com/order/]
* '''ESCs:''' high-voltage, high-current controllers. Many builders use '''[[VESC]]'''-based controllers such as the Flipsky 75200, which is rated 14–84 V.[https://flipsky.net/products/flipsky-75200-84v-high-current-with-aluminum-pcb-based-on-vesc-for-fighting-robot-surfboard-agv-robot] Brushed robots use large brushed controllers (see '''[[ESCs]]''').
* '''Batteries:''' LiPo or LiFePO4 packs, usually at higher voltage than in insects. SPARC requires the event's approval for anything above 48 V nominal (see '''[[Batteries]]''').[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Robot_Construction_Specifications_v1.7.pdf]
* '''Arena:''' SPARC's arena guide says that above 30 lb, welded steel is the only commonly used frame material. It recommends 3/4" polycarbonate walls for events up to 30 lb and 1.5" for events up to 220 lb, so a 60 lb event needs an arena well beyond a typical featherweight box.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Arena_Construction_Best_Practices_v1.1.pdf]

===What it costs===
There's no ready-to-fight lightweight kit. The closest thing, as of October 2026, is BattleKits' assembled drive platform: the Light Weight Kit is listed at $990 without motors, batteries or controllers. Adding a pair of its economy E30-150 motors costs $178 more, and a pair of A28-150 motors costs $818 more. With motors, batteries and a controller, the platform alone weighs about 37 lb.[https://battlekits.com/order/][https://battlekits.com/] On the brushless side, Flipsky lists the 75200 ESC at $120–162 and its "battle hardened" 63100 motor at $137–143 each.[https://flipsky.net/products/flipsky-75200-84v-high-current-with-aluminum-pcb-based-on-vesc-for-fighting-robot-surfboard-agv-robot][https://flipsky.net/products/flipsky-sensored-outrunner-brushless-dc-motor-battle-hardened-63100-140kv-170kv-190kv-5500w] Add armor plate, a weapon system, spares and a charger, and a competitive lightweight costs several thousand dollars. Compare this with the insect-class figures on '''[[What Your First Robot Costs]]'''.

==Safety requirements==
Rules that are optional or relaxed for insects become mandatory at this weight. This is an overview only. Read the full documents and your event's rules, and see '''[[Safety]]''', '''[[Failsafes]]''' and '''[[LiPo Battery Safety]]'''.
* '''Mechanical power disconnect:''' SPARC requires a manual disconnect for weapon and drive power that can be operated within 15 seconds without putting anyone in the path of the weapon. This must be a mechanical switch (for example a Hella or Whyachi switch) or a removable link; relays alone don't count. The whole robot must be fully deactivated in under 60 seconds, and a power light must be visible from outside.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Robot_Construction_Specifications_v1.7.pdf] See '''[[Switches]]'''.
* '''UK removable link:''' FRA rules require an insulated removable link that can be pulled without tools; a key or switch isn't allowed. The link must be in a marked, visible spot away from the weapon and drive. LiPo packs also need a fuse rated below the pack's burst current.[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf]
* '''Pneumatics and hydraulics:''' SPARC exempts robots of 12 lb and under from most of its pneumatic and hydraulic rules. A lightweight gets no such exemption, so the full rules on rated components, relief valves and dump valves apply.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Robot_Construction_Specifications_v1.7.pdf] The FRA likewise limits pneumatics to air or CO2 at up to 1000 psi with certified components, and requires a test point on hydraulic systems.[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf] Don't attempt a fluid-power weapon without an experienced mentor.
* '''Spinners:''' under FRA rules, a spinning weapon over 500 RPM, over 500 mm across, or heavier than 10% of the robot needs the organiser's approval in advance, and every spinner must stop within 60 seconds.[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf] See '''[[Spinner Design]]'''.
* '''Handling:''' locking bars, sharp-edge covers, and a stand that keeps the wheels off the ground in the pits are standard requirements (see '''[[Pit Kit and Event Checklist]]''').
* '''Insurance:''' events at this scale need liability cover that explicitly includes robot combat, and some venues won't host large robots at all. See '''[[Running an Event]]'''.

==Getting started==
* '''Build smaller first.''' Most lightweight builders have already fought insects or a '''[[Featherweight]]''', because mistakes cost more, and hurt more, at 60 lb.
* '''Crew:''' plan on at least two people. One person drives; others handle the battery, repairs and lifting. Lifting a 60 lb robot safely is a two-person job.
* '''Shop space:''' you'll want a garage or shared makerspace with a welder, a drill press or mill, and an angle grinder, plus somewhere safe to test-drive. Never test a live weapon outside an enclosure (see '''[[Test Boxes]]''').
* '''Transport:''' a robot this size fits in a car, but you'll also need a dolly, a robot stand, batteries in fire-safe containers, and a tool kit.
* '''Check the events first.''' Contact the event organiser before you start building to confirm they'll run the class and what their arena can handle.

==Where they fight==
As of October 2026, 60 lb combat is rare.
* '''RoboGames''' (San Francisco Bay Area) lists a 60 lb class. Its most recent world championship was its 20th, held April 18–21 at the San Jose Convention Center, and its site says the next event is "to be announced".[http://robogames.net/index.php][http://robogames.net/events.php]
* '''[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/searches?search%5Bcategory%5D=event&search%5Bterms%5D=&search%5Btype_id%5D=10 RobotCombatEvents.com]''' lists only a handful of 60 lb events in recent years, among them the RoboGames events and the SmashBotz Wasteland Weekend events in California (2022–2024). Its 2026 rankings cover classes only up to 30 lb.[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/types?year=2026]
* '''NHRL''' tops out at 30 lb.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=NHRL_Rules]
* In the '''UK''', the FRA rules define a 30 kg class; the FRA site lists event organisers you can ask about lightweight fights.[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/documents/Build-Rules.pdf]

See '''[[Events]]''' and '''[[Major Competitions]]''' for current listings.

==Notable robots==
The best-documented lightweights come from the original BattleBots series. According to Wikipedia's results table:[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BattleBots]
{| class="wikitable"
! Season !! Lightweight champion
|-
| BattleBots 1.0 (2000) || Backlash
|-
| BattleBots 2.0 (2000–2001) || Ziggo
|-
| BattleBots 3.0 (2001) || Dr. Inferno Jr.
|-
| BattleBots 4.0 (2002) || Ziggo
|-
| BattleBots 5.0 (2002) || Dr. Inferno Jr.
|}
Ziggo also won the 55 lb "Kilobots" class at Long Beach in 1999.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BattleBots] See '''[[Robot Combat History and TV]]''' for more history.

==See also==
* '''[[Featherweight]]''' (30 lb) and '''[[Middleweight]]''' (120 lb)
* '''[[Heavyweight]]''' (250 lb)
* '''[[RobotClasses|Robot Classes]]'''
* '''[[Armor and Materials]]''', '''[[VESC]]''', '''[[Switches]]'''
* '''[[Safety]]''' and '''[[Failsafes]]'''

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

2026-10-17T23:23:27Z

RobotRobot: Log: updated Hardening Motors

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

2026-10-17T23:23:26Z

RobotRobot: Log: updated Suppliers

Hardening Motors

2026-10-17T23:22:19Z

RobotRobot: Expand into a practical guide to hardening brushed and brushless motors

The shocks and forces that combat robots endure during matches are far higher than in almost any other application. Just as you can pad the internals of your robot with foam, or have well-planned strain relief in your wiring, you can harden motors and make them more robust.

Most hobby motors are designed for drones, planes and RC cars, where they never get hit. In a robot, the danger isn't usually a direct hit on the motor – your frame and armor deal with that. It's the huge acceleration when the robot is slammed by a spinner, or when a weapon spinning at thousands of RPM stops dead on impact. Those forces can reach hundreds of g, and they're what hardening protects against.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/motors.html] This page covers the common failures and the usual fixes. For choosing motors, see '''[[Motors]]''' and '''[[Insect Class Motors]]'''.

__TOC__

== How motors fail in combat ==
* '''Magnets come loose or crack.''' Outrunner magnets are only glued to the inside of the can (the "bell"). A hard stop can shear the glue or crack a magnet, and a loose magnet jams the motor.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/ants.html]
* '''The can or bell comes off the shaft.''' Many hobby outrunners hold the shaft with a small C-clip or set screw, which can break and let the can fly off.[https://repeat-robotics.com/products/repeat-2822-mk3]
* '''Bent or broken shafts.''' Side loads from a wheel, pulley or weapon put a bending load on a thin shaft that it wasn't designed for.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html]
* '''Stripped gearbox teeth.''' The fine gear teeth in small gearmotors can strip under shock or stall loads. Coarser (larger-pitch) gears are less likely to strip.[https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=ft-Sspark16]
* '''Wires and tabs torn off.''' A brushed motor's solder tabs, or the thin enamelled wires coming out of a brushless stator, break when the leads get pulled or flexed.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/ants.html] Some combat motors now come with silicone-jacketed leads instead of bare enamelled stator wires for this reason.[https://repeat-robotics.com/products/repeat-2822-mk3]
* '''Worn or broken bearings.''' The small bearings inside an outrunner are meant for a light propeller, not a weapon hitting things.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon2.html]
* '''Overheating.''' Stalling or overloading a motor cooks the windings and can weaken magnets.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/motors.html]

== Brushed gearmotors ==
These tips apply to N10 and N20 micro gearmotors in 150g robots, 16mm motors in antweights and 22mm planetary motors in beetleweights.
* '''Support the output shaft.''' Don't let the wheel hang off the end of the shaft. Add a bearing on the far side of the wheel. For example, FingerTech's Silver Spark has an extra-long shaft so you can fit a bearing block on the outside of the wheel.[https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=ft-Sspark16][https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=ft-bearing-block] See '''[[Drive Systems#Protecting the drive|Drive Systems]]'''.
* '''Clamp the gearbox, not the end cap.''' The plastic end cap holds the brushes, so don't let it carry any load. N20 motors have an open gearbox and need more support than a face-mount plate gives, so use a clamp-style bracket.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/ants.html][https://www.pololu.com/product/989] Mount motors with proper clamps or screws, never just glue, tape or zip ties.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/design.html]
* '''Threadlock the gearbox.''' Screws and joints shaken loose by hits are a common failure. Rectified Robotics ships its 22mm and 24mm drives with threadlocker already on the gearbox screws and the motor joint. They advise letting it cure overnight before an event, not applying it in the pits.[https://rectifiedrobotics.com/products/24mm-brushless-drive-kit]
* '''Limit the current.''' Stalling a small brushed gearmotor with no current limit can destroy it. Rectified Robotics recommends ESCs with current limiting for its brushed drive.[https://rectifiedrobotics.com/products/22mm-brushed-drive] See '''[[ESCs]]'''.
* '''Protect the brush end and tabs.''' Solder carefully, and anchor the wires to the motor or frame so a tug can't reach the tabs. Some builders add a dab of hot glue or epoxy over the tabs. Keep glue away from the brushes and vents.

== Brushless motors ==
Brushless outrunners are used for weapons and, more and more, for drive (in gearmotors or as friction/tangent drives). Weapon motors take the worst of it.

=== Reinforcing motor magnets ===
With brushless motors, a common failure is the cracking of the motor's magnets on impact.
Robert Cowan has a great video on how to use glass microspheres and epoxy to strengthen the magnets.

{{#ev:youtube|https://youtu.be/5MFjzSP5Oiw}}
Links are provided by Robert.
*[https://amzn.to/2krib2f Glass Microspheres] 
*[https://amzn.to/2KYWvpB Loctite Heavy Duty Epoxy]
 

Other approaches:
* '''Use slow-cure epoxy, not 5-minute epoxy.''' To re-glue loose magnets, Ask Aaron suggests cleaning off the old adhesive, putting each magnet back exactly where it was, and coating its whole back face with slow-set epoxy before clamping it gently until it cures. Magnets are brittle, so don't clamp hard.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/motors.html]
* '''More epoxy isn't better.''' Ask Aaron disagrees with building a thick epoxy-and-microsphere shell, because it holds heat in. Instead, they warm thin, slow-cure epoxy so it soaks into the gaps. Soaked-in epoxy bonds the parts and actually helps carry heat away. The same thin-wicking approach works for rotor magnets.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/motors.html]
* Thin CA (superglue) wicked into the gaps between magnets is sometimes used as a quick fix in the pits. It's quicker but more brittle than slow-cure epoxy, so treat it as temporary.

=== Stator windings ===
Hits can shift the windings on the stator and rub through the enamel, causing a short. Coating the windings in epoxy stops them shifting and can improve cooling.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/motors.html] As with magnets, a thin coat that soaks into the windings is better than a thick shell.

=== Replacing motor shafts ===
It's not uncommon to reinforce shafts with an additional bearing or pillow block to resist side impacts on the shaft (radial impact). However, many builders have found that the design of the motor itself is a weakness to be overcome. Here's an example:

{{#ev:youtube|https://youtu.be/273xHqf4efQ}}

* Replacing a stock shaft with a longer one is fairly easy if you have the tools. You need a shaft of the right length with the correct clip groove and flat. A '''larger''' shaft is a much bigger job: new bearings, machined bearing seats and precise boring.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon2.html]
* '''Don't trust the C-clip.''' Combat-specific motors retain the shaft with a screw or a flanged shaft instead of a C-clip, and key the shaft into the can so it can't spin.[https://repeat-robotics.com/products/repeat-2822-mk3][https://repeat-robotics.com/products/belt-drive-2812]
* '''File a flat for set screws.''' If a pulley is held by a set screw, file a flat on the shaft for it to bite on and threadlock the screw.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon2.html]

=== Supporting the motor ===
* '''Support both ends of the shaft''' where possible. If you can't, mount the pulley as close to the motor base as you can, so the motor's internal bearing tube takes less leverage.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html]
* '''Pulleys on the can''' make a compact package and are common in beetleweight horizontal spinners. However, they put more load on the motor's internal bearing support, and a taller motor makes it worse.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon2.html]
* '''Don't make the motor the weapon bearing.''' Direct-driving a weapon from an unmodified outrunner is hard on the motor, because it isn't built for the side loads of weapon hits. Pack spares if you do it.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html] A belt drive with a little slip protects the motor and gives better bite.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/weapon.html] The stronger option is a '''dead shaft''': the weapon spins on its own bearings on a fixed shaft or shoulder bolt held by the frame, and the motor only drives it. See '''[[Weapon Shafts, Bearings and Mounting]]''' and '''[[Spinner Design#Driving the weapon|Spinner Design]]'''.
* '''Hubmotors''' (the weapon bolts straight onto a combat-built motor) work because they're designed for it, with large bearings and a through shoulder bolt. Mount both sides of the motor to the frame if the seller says to.[https://justcuzrobotics.com/products/rdy-mini-5022][https://repeat-robotics.com/products/2207-antweight-battle-ready-hubmotor]
* '''Friction (tangent) drives''' press the motor shaft into the tire, which side-loads the shaft. Too much pressure overloads the motor.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/ants.html][https://repeat-robotics.com/products/repeat-tangent-drive-2207]
* '''Use short enough screws.''' Mounting screws that go in too deep can hit the windings and destroy the motor. Check the seller's maximum screw depth.[https://justcuzrobotics.com/products/rdy-mini-5022][https://repeat-robotics.com/products/2207-antweight-battle-ready-hubmotor]

== Shock mounting ==
* Mounting a motor, or the module it sits in, on rubber or TPU spreads out the peak force of a hit. Properly sized rubber mounts are quite firm and barely flex when you push on them by hand.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html] See '''[[Armor and Materials]]''' and '''[[3D Printing]]'''.
* A printed TPU motor clamp or wheel hub gives a little, which can save a gearbox from a sharp shock. Don't make it so soft that the motor moves enough to misalign belts or gears.
* Keep a weapon motor and its weapon on the same rigid structure, so the belt or gears stay aligned when the frame flexes.

== Wires ==
* Use flexible silicone-insulated wire, and secure it close to where it leaves the motor so the motor's own leads or tabs never take the strain.[https://justcuzrobotics.com/products/rdy-mini-5022] See '''[[Wiring and Soldering]]'''.
* Leave a little slack for the motor to move on its mounts, but not enough for a weapon or wheel to catch.
* Cover solder joints with heatshrink and keep them away from sharp frame edges.

== Heat ==
Hardening shouldn't stop the motor cooling. Stalled drive motors and overworked weapon motors fail from heat as often as from impacts.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/motors.html]
* Don't bury a motor in glue or foam. Leave airflow to the can and keep the vents clear.
* A combat hubmotor's outside can get very hot, so plan its surroundings for that.[https://justcuzrobotics.com/products/hmr-5022]
* Gear for the arena. Correct gearing keeps drive motors from overheating. See '''[[Drive Systems]]''' and '''[[Speed Reduction]]'''.

== Buying pre-hardened motors ==
Combat robot shops now sell motors that come hardened from the factory. These often cost little more than hardening a hobby motor yourself (prices as of October 2026):
* '''Repeat Robotics''' – weapon outrunners with screw-retained, keyed shafts and double-supported magnets (2822 Mk3, about $20), and "battle ready" hubmotors with hardened magnet rings.[https://repeat-robotics.com/products/repeat-2822-mk3][https://repeat-robotics.com/products/2812-beetleweight-battle-ready-hubmotor] Their gearmotors have hardened steel shafts on two bearings.[https://repeat-robotics.com/products/repeat-compact-1806-mk2]
* '''Just 'Cuz Robotics''' – hubmotors with epoxied magnets and windings, no C-clips or set screws (RDY-5022, about $62), and the JCR-4935, which ships with the bigger bearings, stronger shaft and epoxied magnets that builders used to add themselves (about $85).[https://justcuzrobotics.com/products/rdy-mini-5022][https://justcuzrobotics.com/products/jcr-4935-1000kv]
* '''Rectified Robotics''' – 22mm and 24mm drive gearmotors shipped with threadlocker applied.[https://rectifiedrobotics.com/products/24mm-brushless-drive-kit]
* '''FingerTech''' – Silver Spark gearmotors with coarser gears than its Gold Sparks, plus matching bearing blocks.[https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/proddetail.php?prod=ft-Sspark16]
See '''[[Insect Class Motors]]''' and '''[[Suppliers]]''' for more.

== Between matches ==
Check motors after every fight: spin each by hand for grinding or rubbing, look for bent shafts and loose magnets, and re-tighten set screws. Carry spare motors, as they're one of the most commonly replaced parts. See '''[[Repairs Between Matches]]''' and '''[[Pit Kit and Event Checklist]]'''.

== See also ==
* '''[[Motors]]'''
* '''[[Insect Class Motors]]'''
* '''[[Drive Systems]]'''
* '''[[Spinner Design]]'''
* '''[[Weapon Shafts, Bearings and Mounting]]'''
* '''[[Repairs Between Matches]]'''
* '''[[Wiring and Soldering]]'''
* '''[[Armor and Materials]]'''

Suppliers

2026-10-17T23:22:18Z

RobotRobot: Reorganise by region with 'known for' column, verify all shops (Oct 2026), add current shops, closed-shops note

Robot combat uses many parts used in other hobbies, such as remote-control '''[[Radios]]''', but to meet unique needs of the hobby there are many '''specialty suppliers'''.

The shops below are grouped by region and were all checked as open and selling as of October 2026. Most ship internationally, but shipping and import costs can be high, so check for a shop in your own region first. For kits, see '''[[Kits]]'''; for a full shopping list and rough budget, see '''[[What Your First Robot Costs]]'''.

__TOC__

=Combat robot specialty shops=
==US and Canada==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Shop !! Known for
|-
| [https://banebots.com/ Banebots] || P6/P8 planetary gearboxes, T40/T61/T81 and Colson wheels and hubs, mostly for larger robots
|-
| [https://www.botkits.com/ BotKits] || D2 and Candy Wasp kits and spares, 16mm and 22mm gearmotors
|-
| [https://absolutechaosrobotics.bigcartel.com/ Absolute Chaos Robotics] || Jolt! beetleweight kit and parts, AB-90 power switch
|-
| [https://battlekits.com/ BattleKits] || Drive platforms, gearmotors and wheels for lightweights and up
|-
| [https://www.battlerobotkit.com/ Battle Robot Kit] || Antweight kits and parts
|-
| [https://www.combatrobotkits.com/ Combat Robot Kits] || Antweight kits, parts and electronics
|-
| [https://www.fingertechrobotics.com/ FingerTech Robotics] (Canada) || Spark gearmotors, brushless motors, motor mounts, power switches, wheels, Viper kit
|-
| [https://itgresa.com/combat-robotics-kits/ ItGresa] || Reseller for many combat brands (FingerTech, Repeat, Just 'Cuz, Banebots and more), kits
|-
| [https://justcuzrobotics.com/shop Just 'Cuz Robotics Store] || Battle-ready hubmotors, 24mm gearmotors, ESCs, SSP lifter kit
|-
| [https://magmotorstore.com/ Magmotor] || Large brushed and brushless motors for heavyweights
|-
| [https://shop.nhrl.io/ NHRL Shop] || HAVOC Academy Crash Course kit, STEM kits, NHRL merchandise
|-
| [https://palmbeachbots.com/ Palm Beach Bots] || Plastic antweight kits, wheels, and a wide range of resold motors and ESCs
|-
| [https://www.pololu.com/ Pololu] || Micro metal gearmotors, wheels and electronics
|-
| [https://quarkmine.com/shop/ Quarkmine] || Budget motors, ESCs, batteries and power distribution for student builders
|-
| [https://radrobotkits.com/rad-robot-store RAD Robot Kits] || Baby Nautiloid antweight kit and spares
|-
| [https://rectifiedrobotics.com/ Rectified Robotics] || 22mm and 24mm brushed and brushless drive gearmotors, AM32 ESCs
|-
| [https://repeat-robotics.com/ Repeat Robotics] || Drive and weapon motors, hubmotors, ESCs, wheels, belts, kits
|-
| [https://www.robotmarketplace.com/ The Robot MarketPlace] || Electronics, batteries and motors, especially for larger robots
|-
| [https://www.robotpower.com/ Robot Power] || Brushed motor controllers (Scorpion series, OSMC)
|-
| [https://shop.robotsmashingleague.com/ Robot Smashing League] || Arenas, tires, weapon locks, CAD files
|-
| [https://www.servocity.com/ ServoCity] || Gearmotors, servos, shafts, hubs and other mechanical parts
|-
| [https://turnabot.com/ Turnabot] || 150g kits, N10 motors, servos and parts for schools and beginners
|-
| [https://shop.whyachi.com/product-category/switches/ Team Whyachi] || Power switches for larger robots
|}

==UK and Europe==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Shop !! Known for
|-
| [https://shop.bristolbotbuilders.com/ Bristol Bot Builders] (UK) || Antweight, beetleweight and featherweight parts, drive kits, kits
|-
| [https://monsoonrobotics.co.uk/collections/all-robot-parts Monsoon Robotics] (UK) || Weapon bars, discs and beetleweight parts
|-
| [https://nutsandbots.co.uk/ Nuts And Bots] (UK) || Antweight kits and components
|-
| [https://teamsc.co.uk/ Team SC] (UK) || Featherweight gearboxes, wheels, hubs, brushed ESCs, left-hand bolts
|}

==Australia and New Zealand==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Shop !! Known for
|-
| [https://botbitz.com.au/ BotBitz] (AU) || Gearmotors, brushless motors, switches, BECs and Malenki boards
|-
| [https://llamaforge.com/ LLama Forge] (AU) || Antweight and beetleweight parts: N20 motors, control boards, batteries, HDPE sheet
|-
| [https://combatrobotics.co.nz/ Combat Robotics NZ] (NZ) || ESCs, ELRS receivers, RadioMaster parts, tools
|-
| [https://store.robotrampage.co.nz/ Robot Rampage] (NZ) || Hardox plate, Repeat Robotics parts, machining services, event entries
|}

=General RC, electronics and batteries=
Hobby and FPV-drone shops are good sources for radios, receivers, brushless motors, ESCs, LiPo batteries and chargers. See '''[[Radios]]''', '''[[Radio List]]''', '''[[Batteries]]''' and '''[[ESCs]]''' for what to buy.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Shop !! Region !! Known for
|-
| [https://radiomasterrc.com/ RadioMaster] || China (ships worldwide) || Transmitters and ELRS receivers
|-
| [https://hobbyking.com/ HobbyKing] || Worldwide (several regional warehouses) || Batteries, brushless motors, ESCs, chargers
|-
| [https://www.getfpv.com/ GetFPV] || US || FPV drone parts: motors, ESCs, radios, batteries
|-
| [https://www.racedayquads.com/ RaceDayQuads] || US || FPV drone parts: motors, ESCs, radios, batteries
|-
| [https://maxamps.com/ MaxAmps] || US || Large custom LiPo packs for heavier robots
|-
| [https://www.flyingtech.co.uk/ Flying Tech] || UK || FPV and RC electronics, radios, batteries
|-
| [https://www.hobbyrc.co.uk/ HobbyRC] || UK || FPV and RC electronics, radios, batteries
|-
| [https://www.banggood.com/ Banggood] || China (ships worldwide) || Low-cost RC electronics; check reviews and specs carefully
|}

=Hardware=
For screws, nuts, shaft collars, bearings and other hardware, '''[https://www.mcmaster.com/ McMaster-Carr]''' (US) and '''[https://www.misumi-ec.com/ Misumi]''' (worldwide) carry almost everything. See '''[[Fasteners and Hardware]]'''.

=Robot kits=
See the '''[[Kits]]''' page.

=Materials and fabrication=
For raw materials, fasteners and online cutting, machining and 3D printing services, see '''[[Fabrication Services]]''' and '''[[Fasteners and Hardware]]'''.

=Closed shops=
These shops were linked from this wiki in the past but are no longer selling: Kitbots, OwObotics, Endbots, Betz Botz, GoLapse, Kiwi Engineering's kit store, and Team Malice's Micro Malice parts store. For the kits they sold, see '''[[Kits#Discontinued Kits|Discontinued Kits]]'''.

=See also=
* '''[[Kits]]'''
* '''[[What Your First Robot Costs]]'''
* '''[[Motors]]''' and '''[[Insect Class Motors]]'''
* '''[[ESCs]]'''
* '''[[Radio List]]'''
* '''[[Batteries]]'''
* '''[[Wheels]]'''
* '''[[Fabrication Services]]'''
* '''[[Fasteners and Hardware]]'''
* '''[[Tools For Beginners]]'''

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

2026-10-17T23:18:28Z

RobotRobot: Log: updated Combat Robotics in Schools and Universities

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

2026-10-17T23:18:27Z

RobotRobot: Log: updated SPARC Judging Guidelines

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

2026-10-17T23:18:26Z

RobotRobot: Log: created Hand Tools and Basic Machining

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

2026-10-17T23:18:24Z

RobotRobot: Log: created Strategy and Tactics

User:RobotRobot/Edit log

2026-10-17T23:18:23Z

RobotRobot: Log: created Major Competitions

Combat Robotics in Schools and Universities

2026-10-17T23:18:06Z

RobotRobot: Robobrawl is held at the end of March (per its official site)

Combat robotics is a great way to teach engineering: students design, build, test, break and fix real machines, and they get a fun, hard deadline in the form of a competition. This page covers school and university programs, and how to start a club. See also '''[[GettingStarted]]''' and '''[[Running an Event]]'''.

__TOC__

==High school programs==
===National Robotics League (NRL)===
The '''[https://gonrl.org/ National Robotics League]''' is a workforce development program of the National Tooling & Machining Association (NTMA), launched in 2009 to get students interested in manufacturing careers.[https://gonrl.org/about/][https://www.digitalengineering247.com/article/bots-battle-gladiator-style-in-the-national-robotics-league/education] Teams, mostly from high schools, build '''15 lb robots''' (20 lb for walkers) and compete at regional events and a national championship.
* NRL scoring isn't only about fighting: teams also submit engineering documentation and are interviewed, and awards include best engineered robot, innovation and sportsmanship.[https://gonrl.org/nrl-national-championship-results/]
* NRL has its own rules, with some notable differences from SPARC – for example, its posted technical regulations don't allow LiPo batteries (LiFePO4, NiMH and Li-ion are allowed).[https://gonrl.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/NRL-Technical-Regulations-update-2018-19.pdf]
* Schools can sign up through the NRL's '''[https://gonrl.org/get-involved/start-a-team/ Start a Team]''' page. Regional NRL programs are set up with a local NTMA chapter, a school representative and an industry sponsor.[https://gonrl.org/get-involved/start-an-nrl-program/]
* The 2026 national championship was held in Colorado Springs in May 2026.[https://gonrl.org/event/nrl-national-championship/]
* Related programs exist in some regions, such as '''BotsIQ''' in the Pittsburgh area.
Because only teams in authorized programs can take part, the NRL isn't listed with the open rule sets on the '''[[Rules]]''' page.

===Open events and classes for schools===
Many schools and makerspaces take part in regular open events instead. Two classes are especially school-friendly:
* '''1 lb [[Plastic Antweights]]''' – robots are 3D printed from common plastics, so they're cheap to build and repair, and the damage level is low. Many university clubs start new members in this class.[https://combatrobotics.byu.edu/getting-started]
* '''150 g (Fairyweight, called Antweight in the UK)''' – very small, cheap robots that fit in a small arena. Kits designed for schools and workshops include the '''[https://combatrobotics.co.nz/pages/crnz-antweight-kit Combat Robotics NZ antweight kit]''' (see '''[[Kits]]''' and '''[[3D Printing]]''' for more).
Makerspaces in several countries run 150 g build workshops for beginners.

==University clubs==
Combat robotics clubs are now common at universities, building robots from 1 lb up to 30 lb, competing at events such as '''NHRL''', and often running their own competitions. Some examples:
{| class="wikitable"
! University !! Club !! Notes
|-
| Brigham Young University || '''[https://combatrobotics.byu.edu/ BYU Combat Robotics]''' || Founded 2023. 1 lb and 3 lb robots, with competitions each semester open to other colleges and high schoolers. Recommends the plastic antweight class for first-timers.[https://engineering.byu.edu/news/combat-robotics-ignite-sparks-of-interest-in-byu-community]
|-
| Duke University || '''[https://combatrobotics.wiki.duke.edu/index.php/Main_Page Duke Combat Robotics]''' || Teams build a 1 lb antweight each semester, with an internal competition; no experience needed. Its wiki has a good beginner build guide.
|-
| University of Illinois || '''[https://irobotics.illinois.edu/teams/combots/ iRobotics Combots]''' || 30 lb robots for NHRL; hosts '''[https://robobrawl.illinois.edu/ Robobrawl]''' each year at the end of March.
|-
| MIT || MIT Combat Robotics Club || Its 30 lb robot ARES won an NHRL qualifier in October 2024.[https://edgerton.mit.edu/news/mits-combat-robotics-club-wins-nhrl-october-competition]
|-
| Clarkson University || '''[https://clarkson.edu/student-life/clubs-activities/speed-teams/combat-robotics Clarkson Combat Robotics]''' || New members build 3D printed 1 lb robots; most robots are 3 lb, some 12 lb. Competes at NHRL.
|-
| Purdue University || Purdue Railside Robotics || Ran its first public tournament, the Railside Rumble, in 2025.[https://engineering.purdue.edu/ECE/News/2025/purdue-railside-robotics-set-to-host-battlebots-showdown]
|-
| Arizona State University || '''[https://students.engineering.asu.edu/clubs/crr Combat Ready Robotics]''' || Runs the 3 lb "Sun Devil Smackdown."
|-
| University of Maryland || Leatherbacks || 1, 3, 12 and 30 lb robots.[https://terp.umd.edu/gearing-up-for-battle]
|}
Many more universities have clubs, including in the UK, Europe and Australia. In 2023, NHRL gave $10,000 grants to around 100 US college robotics programs to help start or grow combat robotics teams.[https://www.cs.iastate.edu/robotics-club-awarded-nhrl-grant] There's no single national intercollegiate championship; college teams mostly compete at open events and at each other's campus events. RobotCombatEvents.com also publishes '''[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/ university rankings]'''.

Combat robotics also shows up in coursework, as senior design or capstone projects and in fabrication classes, although most university activity is club-based.

==Starting a club==
# '''Pick a starter class.''' 1 lb Plastic Antweights (in the US) or 150 g robots are cheap, safe and need only a small arena.
# '''Find space and tools''' – a makerspace or lab with 3D printers, soldering stations and a test box. See '''[[Tools For Beginners]]''' and '''[[Test Boxes]]'''.
# '''Plan a semester.''' Duke's club uses a 13-week plan: wiring and a simple test robot in the first two weeks, design in weeks 3–5, building in weeks 6–9, test fights in weeks 10–12, then a competition.[https://combatrobotics.wiki.duke.edu/index.php/Main_Page]
# '''Use a guide.''' Duke's '''[https://combatrobotics.wiki.duke.edu/index.php/Making_your_first_combat_robot Making your first combat robot]''' and BYU's '''[https://combatrobotics.byu.edu/getting-started getting started pages]''' walk new members through a first build. Kits are another easy start (see '''[[Kits]]''').
# '''Make safety part of the club.''' Use the '''[[Safety]]''' rules from day one: weapon locks, test boxes, safe battery charging ('''[[LiPo Battery Safety]]'''), and a working '''[[Failsafes|failsafe]]''' on every robot. Duke's club, for example, has '''[https://pundit.pratt.duke.edu/wiki/Combat_Robotics_Safety safety guidelines]''' with safety officers and battery incident reports.
# '''Check with your school''' about insurance, liability waivers and any rules for student activities. Schools' risk-management offices can advise; there's no single standard.
# '''Find funding and mentors''' – local companies, engineering departments, and robotics suppliers sometimes sponsor clubs.
# '''Compete.''' Find events on '''[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/ RobotCombatEvents.com]''' (see '''[[Events]]'''), or host your own (see '''[[Running an Event]]''').

==See also==
* '''[[GettingStarted]]'''
* '''[[Plastic Antweights]]''' and '''[[Kits]]'''
* '''[[Local Groups]]''' – clubs near you
* '''[[Robot Combat History and TV]]'''

SPARC Judging Guidelines

2026-10-17T23:18:06Z

RobotRobot: Match tier E wording to Judging Guidelines v1.3

Hand Tools and Basic Machining

2026-10-17T23:16:42Z

RobotRobot: New page: Hand Tools and Basic Machining

You don't need a CNC machine to build a combat robot. Many insect-class robots are made with a drill press, a saw, a few files and a tap set. This page covers how to make robot parts by hand: marking out, drilling, tapping threads, cutting plate, bending sheet, and working with the plastics and metals builders use most. For the basic tool kit (soldering iron, wire strippers, drivers, drill, rotary tool), see '''[[Tools For Beginners]]''' first.

''Safety first: read '''[[#Safety|Safety]]''' below before you start, and see '''[[Safety]]''' for the wiki's general advice.''

__TOC__

==Measuring and marking==
Good parts start with good layout. A hole that's 0.5 mm off can stop two plates lining up.
* '''Calipers.''' A cheap digital caliper measures outside size, inside size and depth to about 0.02 mm, which is plenty for robot work. Use it to check screw sizes, bearing bores and plate thickness, not just to measure your own parts.
* '''Steel rule and square.''' A small engineer's square keeps edges and lines at 90°.
* '''Layout fluid''' (or a permanent marker) colors the metal so scribed lines show up clearly. Scribe lines with a carbide scriber or the tip of the caliper jaws.
* '''Center punch.''' Punch every hole location before drilling. A drill bit wanders on a flat surface, but it follows a punch mark. An automatic (spring-loaded) punch is easy to use one-handed.
* '''Print a template.''' If you've drawn the part in CAD (see '''[[CAD for Combat Robots]]'''), print it at 100% scale, check the scale with your caliper, and glue it to the plate. Punch through it at each hole center.
* '''Drill matching parts together.''' Clamp two plates that must line up and drill through both at once. They'll match even if your layout was slightly off.

==Drilling==
===Drill press or hand drill?===
* A '''drill press''' drills straight, repeatable holes and lets you control speed and pressure. Even a small benchtop drill press is one of the most useful tools a builder can own. Many makerspaces have one.
* A '''hand drill''' is fine for plastic and thin aluminum, and for repairs at events. Holes won't be perfectly square, so start with a small pilot hole and keep the drill upright.
* '''Clamp the work''' with a drill-press vise or clamps, never by hand. A bit that grabs a small plate can spin it into your hand.

===Good habits===
* '''Pilot holes:''' for holes larger than about 6 mm (1/4"), drill a small pilot first, then open it up.
* '''Step bits''' cut clean round holes in thin sheet (aluminum, polycarbonate, thin steel) where a twist drill would grab and tear.
* '''Back up the exit side''' with scrap wood or plastic to stop breakout and burrs.[https://www.boedeker.com/Technical-Resources/Plastic-Machining-Guidelines/Plastic-Drilling-Machining-Guidelines]
* '''Peck:''' pull the bit out every few millimeters to clear chips, especially in plastic and deep holes.
* '''Lubricate metal.''' Use cutting fluid or tapping fluid on steel and titanium, and a little cutting fluid or WD-40 on aluminum to stop chips sticking to the bit. Don't use oils on polycarbonate (see below).

===Speeds===
The right speed depends on the material and the bit size: larger bits and harder materials need slower speeds. Little Machine Shop's drilling chart lists cutting speeds of 350–400 ft/min for wrought aluminum (such as 6061-T6), 60–100 ft/min for low-carbon steels such as 1018, and 30–90 ft/min for 4140 alloy steel.[https://littlemachineshop.com/reference/cuttingspeeds.php] Plaskolite gives 100–200 ft/min for its Tuffak polycarbonate.[https://plaskolite.com/docs/default-source/fab/fab015_tuf_en.pdf] To turn a cutting speed into RPM, use '''RPM ≈ 3.82 × speed (ft/min) ÷ bit diameter (in)'''. As a rough guide for HSS drill bits:
{| class="wikitable"
! Material !! 1/8" (3.2 mm) bit !! 1/4" (6.4 mm) bit !! Notes
|-
| Aluminum (6061) || As fast as your drill press goes || About 5,000+ RPM (most drill presses top out lower) || Lubricate; clear chips often
|-
| Mild steel (1018) || About 1,800–3,000 RPM || About 900–1,500 RPM || Cutting fluid; steady pressure
|-
| Alloy steel (4130/4140) || About 900–2,700 RPM || About 450–1,350 RPM || Use the low end, with cutting fluid
|-
| Polycarbonate || About 3,000–6,000 RPM || About 1,500–3,000 RPM || No cutting oils; air cooling
|-
| UHMW || Moderate || Moderate || Peck often; slow down if it melts or strings
|-
| Titanium (thin sheet) || Slow || Slow || Sharp bits, about half your usual speed, firm pressure, cutting fluid
|}
If smoke, squealing, blue chips or melted plastic appear, slow down. If the bit just rubs and makes dust, it's dull or you need more pressure.

==Tapping threads==
Tapping cuts threads into a hole so a screw can go straight into the part. It works well in aluminum, steel and acetal, but '''don't tap fine threads into UHMW''' – it strips. Use self-tapping screws for plastic in a correctly sized pilot hole instead (see '''[[Fasteners and Hardware#Threads in different materials|Fasteners and Hardware]]''').[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html]

===Tap drill sizes===
These sizes are from Little Machine Shop's tap and clearance drill chart, which gives a slightly smaller drill (about 75% thread) for aluminum, brass and plastics, and a slightly larger one (about 50% thread) for steel and stainless, where a full thread is hard to cut and rarely needed.[https://littlemachineshop.com/reference/TapDrillSizes.pdf]
{| class="wikitable"
! Screw !! Tap drill: aluminum/plastic !! Tap drill: steel !! Clearance drill (close / free fit)
|-
| '''M2 × 0.4''' || 1.6 mm || 1.75 mm || 2.1 / 2.2 mm
|-
| '''M2.5 × 0.45''' || 2.05 mm || 2.2 mm || 2.65 / 2.75 mm
|-
| '''M3 × 0.5''' || 2.5 mm || 2.7 mm || 3.15 / 3.3 mm
|-
| '''M4 × 0.7''' || 3.3 mm || 3.5 mm || 4.2 / 4.4 mm
|-
| '''M5 × 0.8''' || 4.2 mm || 4.5 mm || 5.25 / 5.5 mm
|-
| '''#2-56''' || #50 (0.070") || #49 (0.073") || #43 / #41
|-
| '''#4-40''' || #43 (0.089") || #41 (0.096") || #32 / #30
|-
| '''#6-32''' || #36 (0.1065") || #32 (0.116") || #27 / #25
|-
| '''#8-32''' || #29 (0.136") || #27 (0.144") || #18 / #16
|-
| '''#10-32''' || #21 (0.159") || #18 (0.1695") || #9 / #7
|}
Check the chart for other sizes; the '''[https://littlemachineshop.com/reference/tapdrill.php Little Machine Shop tap drill page]''' also lists them.

===How to tap===
* Drill the tap hole square to the surface; a drill press helps. Chamfer the top of the hole slightly so the tap starts cleanly.
* Use a '''tap wrench''' (a T-handle wrench is easiest for small taps), and start the tap straight. Check it with a square after the first couple of turns.
* Use '''tapping fluid''' in metal.
* Turn forward about half a turn, then back a quarter turn to break the chip, and repeat. If it gets tight, back out and clear the chips. Small taps (M2, #2-56) snap easily; never force them.
* In '''blind holes''', drill deeper than the thread you need, and finish with a bottoming tap if you need threads close to the bottom.
* Threads in aluminum need more length than in steel. A rule of thumb is engagement of about 2× the screw diameter in aluminum and 1× in steel (see '''[[Fasteners and Hardware]]''').
* A '''broken tap''' is very hard to remove. Prevention is much easier than the cure.

==Cutting plate and bar==
{| class="wikitable"
! Tool !! Good for !! Notes
|-
| '''Hacksaw''' || Aluminum bar and plate, thin steel, plastics, cutting off screws and shafts || Fine teeth (24–32 TPI) for thin material, so at least three teeth are always in the cut. Cheap, slow and accurate.
|-
| '''Jigsaw''' || Curves in UHMW, HDPE, polycarbonate and thin aluminum || Use a new blade kept only for plastic, about 10 TPI for HDPE, lower blade speed and a little wax on the blade. For tight curves, rough-cut about 1 cm outside the line, then trim.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html]
|-
| '''Bandsaw''' || Straight and curved cuts in plastic and aluminum; a metal-cutting bandsaw handles steel bar || Much faster and squarer than a jigsaw. Plaskolite suggests 8–12 TPI blades for its thicker polycarbonate grades.[https://plaskolite.com/docs/default-source/fab/fab015_tuf_en.pdf]
|-
| '''Oscillating multi-tool''' || Plunge cuts, trimming parts already mounted || Slow in metal; useful for repairs.
|-
| '''Rotary tool with cut-off wheel''' || Thin steel, titanium, screws, slots || See [[#Rotary tools|below]].
|-
| '''Aviation snips / metal shears''' || Thin aluminum and steel sheet || Leave a bent, sharp edge that needs filing. Not for titanium or hardened steel.
|}

===What's realistic by hand===
* '''UHMW and HDPE:''' easy with any saw. Keep the blade cool, or it melts and gums up.
* '''Polycarbonate:''' a normal sharp drill, a fine-toothed hacksaw and sandpaper are all you need.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html] Leave the protective film on while you work.[https://plaskolite.com/docs/default-source/fab/fab015_tuf_en.pdf]
* '''Aluminum (up to about 6 mm / 1/4"):''' quite doable with a hacksaw, jigsaw or bandsaw, plus files.
* '''Thin titanium sheet''' (around 1 mm): Team Run Amok says no special tools are needed for thin titanium sheet: use very sharp bits and blades, about half the usual speed, firm pressure and a cutting fluid.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html] Expect it to be slow and to wear blades.
* '''AR400/AR500 and other hardened steels:''' very hard to cut, drill or machine at home, so they're usually laser, plasma or waterjet cut by a service.[https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/] Order these parts with the holes already in them.
* '''Carbon fiber and G10/Garolite:''' cut with an abrasive disc or fine hacksaw, with a dust mask and eye protection.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html] See '''[[Armor and Materials]]'''.

==Filing and deburring==
* Every cut and hole leaves burrs that cut fingers and wires and stop parts sitting flat.
* A '''deburring tool''' (a swivel blade on a handle) cleans hole edges and plate edges quickly. A countersink bit turned by hand also works for holes.
* '''Files:''' a medium flat file and a small half-round file cover most jobs. Files cut on the push stroke; lift on the return. Rub chalk into the teeth when filing aluminum to stop clogging, and clean them with a file card.
* '''Sanding:''' for plastics, finish edges with sandpaper on a flat block. Smooth edges on polycarbonate also help stop cracks starting there.

==Bending sheet==
* '''Aluminum:''' 5052 bends well; 6061-T6 and 7075-T6 tend to crack if bent tightly. SendCutSend, for example, offers bending in 5052-H32 but not in 6061 or 7075.[https://sendcutsend.com/guidelines/bending/] Bend along a straight edge clamped in a vise, with a generous inside radius.
* '''Titanium:''' Grade 2 titanium bends; Grade 5 (6Al-4V) has heavy springback and thicker pieces need heat to form, so SendCutSend doesn't bend it.[https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/] Plan Grade 5 parts as flat plates.
* '''Polycarbonate''' up to 4.5 mm thick can be bent cold on a brake to 90°; thicker sheet should be heated along the bend line. It can also be curved cold into place to a radius of at least about 100 times its thickness.[https://plaskolite.com/docs/default-source/fab/fab015_tuf_en.pdf]
* '''Hardened steel and carbon fiber''' should not be bent; they crack.
* A cheap '''bench vise brake''' or two pieces of angle iron clamped in a vise gives clean bends in thin sheet. Hammer with a soft mallet or a wood block, not directly on the part.

==Countersinking==
* Countersunk (flat-head) screws sit flush, so spinners have nothing to catch.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html]
* '''Match the angle.''' Metric flat-head screws are 90°. Imperial flat-head screws are usually 82°, though 90° and 100° exist.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html] Check what you bought.
* Use a countersink bit at slow speed in a drill press, with a depth stop if you have one. Test on scrap until the screw head sits just flush.
* Leave enough material under the countersink: in thin plate, the countersink can go right through and leave no grip. As a rough guide, the plate should be at least as thick as the screw head is tall.
* '''Don't countersink polycarbonate''' (a counterbore is fine) or '''carbon fiber'''.[https://plaskolite.com/docs/default-source/fab/fab015_tuf_en.pdf][https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html]

==Working with UHMW and polycarbonate==
'''UHMW and HDPE'''
* Soft and slippery, with very poor heat conduction, so heat builds up and melts the cut. Use sharp tools, keep the feed moving, and cool with compressed air.[https://www.boedeker.com/Technical-Resources/Plastic-Machining-Guidelines/Plastic-Drilling-Machining-Guidelines]
* Chips come off as long strings that wrap around bits. Peck often and clear them.
* It springs back, so drilled holes end up slightly smaller than the bit.
* Fasten with self-tapping screws for plastics, not tapped threads.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html]

'''Polycarbonate'''
* Plaskolite's guide for its Tuffak sheet says to drill holes slightly oversize, keep holes at least two hole diameters from the edge, and use air or a clean water mist for cooling instead of cutting fluids, because many fluids attack polycarbonate.[https://plaskolite.com/docs/default-source/fab/fab015_tuf_en.pdf]
* Bits made for plastic work best, but a sharp ordinary bit works fine.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html]
* Avoid threadlockers on polycarbonate, since many crack it (see '''[[Fasteners and Hardware]]''').

==Rotary tools==
A rotary tool (such as a Dremel) is the most versatile small tool in a robot shop:
* '''Cut-off wheels''' cut thin steel, titanium, screws and shafts. Fiber-reinforced wheels are tougher than the thin unreinforced ones.
* '''Carbide burrs''' shape aluminum and clean up pockets; '''sanding drums''' smooth plastic edges.
* Hold the work in a vise, wear eye protection, and stand out of line with the wheel. Cut-off wheels can shatter.
* Run slower on plastic so it doesn't melt.
* Titanium makes bright sparks and fine dust: see [[#Safety|Safety]].

==Lathes and mills==
If you can use a lathe or mill, for example at a makerspace or school shop, many parts get much easier: weapon hubs and shafts, wheel hubs, spacers, motor mounts, and pockets to save weight (see '''[[Weight Management]]''').
* '''Get trained.''' Most makerspaces require a sign-off before you use a lathe or mill, and for good reason.
* A small benchtop '''mini lathe''' handles aluminum, acetal and mild steel well, and is very useful for shafts, spacers and hubs.
* A small mill (or a drill press with an X-Y table, for light work only) can cut slots and pockets in aluminum and plastic.
* Hardened steels like AR500 are too much for hobby machines. For a machined steel part such as a drum, Team Run Amok suggests 4130 chromoly, which is cheap and machines well, or an aluminum drum with waterjet-cut AR500 impactors fitted to it.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/materials.html] See '''[[Armor and Materials]]'''.
* For shafts and bearing fits, see '''[[Weapon Shafts, Bearings and Mounting]]'''.

==When to outsource==
Hand tools are great for prototypes, simple frames and repairs. Send the job out when:
* The part is hardened steel, thick titanium or a complex weapon shape.
* You need several identical parts, or a weapon that must be balanced.
* The holes need to be accurately placed, for example a bearing pattern.
Online laser, waterjet and CNC services are now affordable even for small insect-class parts. See '''[[Fabrication Services]]''' for services and tips on ordering, and '''[[3D Printing]]''' for printed parts.

==Safety==
* '''Eye protection''' every time, for everyone in the room. Drills, saws and rotary tools all throw chips. Use '''hearing protection''' for loud cutting and grinding.
* '''Clamp the work.''' Use a vise or clamps, not your hand, especially on the drill press.
* '''No gloves, loose sleeves, jewelry or loose hair near rotating tools''' (drill press, lathe, mill). They can catch and pull your hand in. Gloves are fine for handling sharp sheet, but take them off before using rotating tools.[https://www.sfu.ca/fas/about/facilities-safety-operation/machine-shop.html]
* '''Never clear chips by hand''' while a tool is running. Stop it and use a brush. Metal chips, especially from steel and titanium, are razor-sharp.
* '''Titanium dust and sparks:''' solid titanium is not flammable, but very fine dust from grinding, sanding or polishing can ignite on its own, and can form explosive dust clouds. Don't let dust build up, keep it away from sparks and flame, and never put water on burning titanium: smother it with dry salt or a Class D extinguisher.[https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/Documents/sds/NorthAmerica/NA-EN/SAC/SAC102%20Titanium%20Grinder%20Swarf%20US%20EN.pdf]
* '''Ventilation and dust:''' cutting carbon fiber, G10 and some plastics makes harmful dust or fumes. Work in a well-ventilated area, wear a dust mask, and clean up with a vacuum rather than compressed air.
* '''Keep your workspace tidy,''' and keep batteries and LiPos well away from sparks and hot chips (see '''[[LiPo Battery Safety]]''').
* Follow the posted rules and training requirements at your makerspace or school shop.

==See also==
* '''[[Tools For Beginners]]'''
* '''[[Fasteners and Hardware]]'''
* '''[[Armor and Materials]]'''
* '''[[Fabrication Services]]'''
* '''[[3D Printing]]'''
* '''[[CAD for Combat Robots]]'''
* '''[[Repairs Between Matches]]'''
* '''[[Safety]]'''

Strategy and Tactics

2026-10-17T23:16:37Z

RobotRobot: New page: Strategy and Tactics

A good robot wins matches, but a good plan wins more. This page covers how to plan a match, what to do in the first few seconds, how to use the arena, how matches are actually won under '''[[SPARC]]''' rules, and how to look after your robot during a fight. It builds on '''[[Driving Practice]]''', which covers drills and basic strategy against common opponents, and on the weapon pages, which each have a matchup table.

''Rules on this page are from the standard '''[[SPARC Match Rules]]''' (v1.6, 1 September 2026) and '''[[SPARC Judging Guidelines]]''' (v1.3, 21 September 2025). Events can change them, and they must publish any changes before the event, so read your event's rules.''[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Match_Rules_v1.6.pdf][https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Judging_Guidelines_v1.3.pdf]

__TOC__

==Planning a match==
===Know your opponent===
* '''Look them up.''' On '''[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/ RobotCombatEvents]''', each class at an event lists the robots and teams registered, and a robot's page shows its weapon type and competition history. The '''[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/types?year=2026 Rankings]''' page lists the top robots in each class by season.
* '''Watch video.''' Many events stream or post their matches online. Watch how your opponent drives, not just what its weapon is: does it charge straight in, wait in a corner, or run away? Does it self-right? Has it broken down in the same way more than once?
* '''Ask.''' Most builders are happy to talk about their robot in the pits. You'll often learn whether it's invertible, how long its weapon takes to spin up, and what broke last time.
* '''Watch their earlier matches''' at the same event. Damage they haven't fixed, a weapon that sounds rough, or a slow drive side are all things you can use.

===Know the arena===
Walk around the arena before your first match and note:
* Where the '''pits, push-out zones''' and other hazards are, and whether they're active all match or only at certain times.
* Whether there are '''screws''' (rotating hazards), spikes or other active hazards, and how they're triggered.
* What the '''walls''' are like: low walls or rails you can be pushed over, gaps, bumpers, and corners where a robot could get trapped.
* The '''floor''': seams, steel plates, and rough spots can make a low wedge catch or a drum skip.
* How big the arena is. In a small arena, a fast opponent can reach you before your weapon is up to speed.
* Which un-stick rule the event uses. The standard is '''modified single un-stick''': one un-stick per robot, but only if the opponent didn't cause it.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Match_Rules_v1.6.pdf]

===Make a simple plan===
Decide before the match: what you want to do in the first few seconds, where you want the fight to happen (often near a hazard you can push them into), what to do if you get flipped, and what to do if your weapon fails. Keep it simple enough to remember with the adrenaline going.

==The opening seconds==
* '''Starting positions.''' Robots start in their starting squares after load-in. Once the door is closed, drivers get up to 20 seconds for a brief weapon and drive test, and then the referee asks both drivers if they're ready.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Match_Rules_v1.6.pdf] Use the test to check your controls work the right way round.
* '''Spin-up time matters.''' A spinner is at its weakest before its weapon is up to speed. Team Run Amok's rule of thumb is that a weapon should reach at least 45 joules per kilogram of the weight class within the first two seconds, and that smaller arenas give you less time.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html] If you know your opponent spins up slowly, an early hit can win the match. If yours spins up slowly, be ready to dodge an early rush.
* '''Who strikes first.''' Against a spinner, wedges and pushers often charge straight away to stop the weapon getting up to speed. The '''[[SPARC Judging Guidelines]]''' give "a wedge or ramming robot preventing a spinning weapon from ever reaching full speed" as an example of a 6–0 control score.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Judging_Guidelines_v1.3.pdf] Between two spinners, Ask Aaron's view is that in weapon-to-weapon hits the vertical with the higher tip speed wins, and between horizontals the weapon with more stored energy usually wins.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/events.html] Horizontal spinner builders can choose their spin direction against another horizontal: the same direction as the opponent if you're confident in your weapon, the opposite direction to "mesh" with theirs if you're not.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/events.html]
* '''Don't jump the start.''' "Blatant early movement" is listed as unsportsmanlike conduct in the '''[https://sparc.tools/SPARC%20Tournament%20Procedures%20v1.2.pdf SPARC Tournament Procedures]'''.

==Using the arena==
* '''Walls.''' A robot pinned against a wall can't escape or turn to face you. Under the standard un-stick rule, a robot you push into a stuck position on the wall doesn't get an un-stick.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Match_Rules_v1.6.pdf] Horizontal spinners can bounce off walls after a hit; see '''[[Horizontal Spinners]]'''.
* '''Corners.''' Corners trap robots, including yours. Stay out of them unless you're the one doing the trapping. A spinner in a corner has less room to get out of the way and to spin back up.
* '''Pits and push-outs.''' In a one-on-one match, the first robot to enter an elimination zone loses. If you push your opponent in and can't separate yourself, it counts as both robots entering at the same time, and both are put back in the arena. Some events use the pit as an '''immobilization zone''' instead, giving the robot a chance to escape before it's counted out.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Match_Rules_v1.6.pdf]
* '''Hazards.''' Using arena hazards to damage your opponent counts as '''control''' under the Damage, Control and Aggression criteria.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Judging_Guidelines_v1.3.pdf] Know where they are and steer the fight toward them.
* '''Fight in the middle''' if you're the one at risk. When an opponent is better at pushing, keep the fight away from walls and pits.

==How matches are won under SPARC==
===Knockouts, pits and tap-outs===
Under the standard '''[[SPARC Match Rules]]''':[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Match_Rules_v1.6.pdf]
* '''Knockout (count-out):''' when a robot stops moving under control, the referee starts a 10-second count. To stop it, the robot must show '''controlled translational movement''', meaning net movement in a line, not just spinning on the spot. A robot with one side of its drive working is not counted out if it can still do this.
* '''The count stops if you keep attacking.''' A "dead" robot that is still being hit won't be counted out, so the match runs on until time or a tap-out. If you want the knockout, back off and let the count run.
* '''Simultaneous knockout:''' both robots are set upright and given a chance to move. If one can, it wins; if neither can, the match goes to the judges.
* '''Exposed battery:''' as an event option, a robot whose battery becomes exposed loses by TKO.
* '''Pits and push-outs:''' see [[#Using the arena|above]].
* '''Pins:''' a stationary pin is limited to 5 seconds and an active pin (moving or, for example, sawing while pinning) to 10 seconds. You must then release the opponent completely, so both robots can move freely. Refusing when the referee asks you to release forfeits the match.
* '''Tap-out:''' see [[#Sportsmanship and tapping out|below]].
* '''Match length:''' the standard is 3 minutes, with an option of 2 minutes for robots from 150 g to 6 lb. Rumbles last 5 minutes.

===Judges' decisions===
If neither robot is eliminated, the judges decide, and their decision is final. The guidelines give two scoring systems and each event picks one, so find out which your event uses.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Judging_Guidelines_v1.3.pdf]
{| class="wikitable"
! Criteria !! Points per judge !! What scores
|-
| '''Damage and Engagement''' || Damage 4, Engagement 5 || '''Damage''' is graded on what is left at the end, from tier A (no or cosmetic damage) to tier E (significant impairment of both drive and weapon). Two tiers apart gives 3–1; three or more gives 4–0; otherwise 2–2. '''Engagement''' rewards taking charge of the fight: attacking, pinning, chasing, getting the opponent stuck or high-centered, and inverting it if that affects its ability to fight.
|-
| '''Damage, Control and Aggression''' || Aggression 5, Control 6, Damage 6 (17 total) || '''Aggression''' is time spent attacking, with translational movement toward the opponent. '''Control''' is using your robot or the arena against the opponent without the weapon doing the damage: pushing into hazards and walls, flipping, stalling its weapon, or (for a spinner) getting your weapon up to speed. '''Damage''' is graded on how much each robot's function is reduced.
|}
What this means in practice:
* '''Keep attacking.''' Sitting in one place waiting to be attacked, or running away, counts against you. Missed attacks are neutral in engagement, and under the aggression criteria attacks don't have to cause damage to count.
* '''Short breaks are fine.''' Brief disengagements to reset or spin up your weapon, and self-righting attempts, are neutral in engagement.
* '''Being slow isn't penalized.''' Judges are told to focus on what a robot is doing, not how fast.
* '''Sparks don't score.''' Judges are told to ignore sparks and dramatic-looking scratches, and to look at damage that affects how a robot works, such as a bent arm, a wobbling wheel or a weapon that has lost speed.
* '''Full-body spinners:''' a robot that attacks a full-body spinner by driving into its weapon's reach is automatically treated as the aggressor in a close aggression score.
* '''Self-inflicted damage''' (from your robot's own systems, not caused directly or indirectly by the opponent or an active hazard) isn't counted against you. In the Damage and Engagement criteria, judges also note damage a robot arrived with and ignore it.
* '''Post-match checks:''' judges may ask you to show your drive (by driving back to your start square) or weapon still works, so don't power down until told.
See also '''[[Driving Practice#Driving for the judges|Driving Practice: Driving for the judges]]'''.

==Managing damage and energy==
* '''Know when to back off.''' If your opponent is clearly winning the weapon-to-weapon exchanges, stop trading hits: keep your weapon speed up and aim for non-weapon targets such as its sides, wheels or forks. If a fast charge isn't working, try slowing your approach.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/events.html]
* '''Throttle the weapon to the situation.''' Team Run Amok suggests keeping some extra RPM in reserve for special cases, and being ready to turn your weapon down if it's just skittering off a hard opponent.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html] A spinner that's lost a tooth or is vibrating badly may survive the match at lower speed.
* '''Protect what's broken.''' If one drive side is out, keep the working side away from the opponent and keep moving in a controlled line to avoid a count-out.
* '''Battery.''' Size your battery for a full match at your driving style, with margin (see '''[[Batteries]]'''). Most of a spinner's energy goes into getting the weapon up to speed; the power needed to keep it there is small, so repeated spin-ups after hits are what drain the pack.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/spinner_FAQ.html] Charge and check your packs between matches, and retire any that are puffed or damaged (see '''[[LiPo Battery Safety]]''').
* '''Heat.''' Long pushing matches heat drive motors and ESCs. Ease off for a moment if your drive starts to feel sluggish.
* '''Between matches''' you get at least 20 minutes for robots from 150 g to 6 lb, and at least 30 minutes for heavier ones.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Match_Rules_v1.6.pdf] See '''[[Repairs Between Matches]]''' and '''[[Pit Kit and Event Checklist]]'''.

==Tactics against each type==
The weapon pages have matchup tables, and '''[[Driving Practice#Strategy against common opponents|Driving Practice]]''' has a short summary. In brief:
* '''[[Vertical Spinners]] and [[Drum Spinners]]:''' they turn slowly with the weapon at speed because of gyroscopic forces, and they're only dangerous from the front. Attack from the side, and don't let them get under you.
* '''[[Horizontal Spinners]]:''' low wedges and verts can get under the blade, and a tipped horizontal can become unstable. Watch out for wall bounces.
* '''[[Flippers and Lifters]]:''' don't let them get under you, and have a plan for being flipped (see '''[[Self-Righting]]''').
* '''[[Hammers and Axes]]:''' keep moving so they can't line up a swing, and attack right after a miss while the arm resets.
* '''[[Wedges and Control Robots]]:''' stay away from walls and pits, keep your weapon pointed at them, and avoid head-on pushing matches you can't win. Don't underestimate them: in Team Run Amok's 2016 study of a large beetleweight tournament, robots whose only weapon was a wedge won 65% of their matches on average, against 39% for spinners.[https://runamok.tech/RunAmok/weapon_2016.html]

==Multibots==
See '''[[Multibots, Walkers and Shufflers]]''' for the rules in full. Under SPARC:[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Match_Rules_v1.6.pdf][https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Judging_Guidelines_v1.3.pdf]
* '''Knockout:''' the count starts when at least 51% of the multibot's mass can't move. A segment that's heavy enough to meet that threshold on its own must have a visual identifier.
* '''Un-sticks:''' all the segments share a single un-stick.
* '''Judging:''' in the Damage and Engagement criteria, damage is averaged over all the segments that fought (rounded down), and engagement looks at the entry as a whole.
* '''Fighting one:''' go after the heavier segment, since that's the one that decides a knockout. Lighter segments are easier to push into a pit.
* '''Driving one:''' it usually takes two drivers, or a lot of practice. Agree beforehand which segment does what.

==Sportsmanship and tapping out==
* '''Tapping out.''' Under the SPARC Match Rules, a driver can tap out at any time, either by telling the referee or by using a tap-out button if the event has one. Combat stops and the opponent wins.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Match_Rules_v1.6.pdf] When you have no chance of winning, tapping out can save your robot for the next match; one builder's lessons, shared on Ask Aaron, start with exactly that advice.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/events.html]
* '''A knocked-out opponent.''' If your opponent is clearly done, look at their driver. If they wave you off or tap out, back away.[https://runamok.tech/AskAaron/events.html]
* '''Stop when told.''' At the end of the match, stop moving and let your weapon spin down. A driver who keeps fighting after the referee stops a match is disqualified.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC_Match_Rules_v1.6.pdf]
* '''Unsportsmanlike conduct''' includes post-fight contact, sabotage, distracting the other driver and blatant early movement. A first unintentional incident gets a warning (which lasts 25 months, across events), a second forfeits the match, and clearly intentional conduct disqualifies the driver from the rest of the event.[https://sparc.tools/SPARC%20Tournament%20Procedures%20v1.2.pdf]
* '''Be a good neighbor.''' Shake hands, congratulate the winner, and lend a part or a tool if someone needs it. You'll be in the pits together again next month.

==See also==
* '''[[Driving Practice]]'''
* '''[[Weapons]]''' – overview of weapon types
* '''[[SPARC Match Rules]]''' and '''[[SPARC Judging Guidelines]]'''
* '''[[Rules]]''' – other rule sets and judging systems
* '''[[Repairs Between Matches]]'''
* '''[[Pit Kit and Event Checklist]]'''
* '''[[Tournament Brackets]]'''
* '''[[Safety]]'''

Major Competitions

2026-10-17T23:15:25Z

RobotRobot: New page: Major Competitions

Once you've fought at a few '''[[Events|local events]]''', you might want to aim higher. This page is a practical guide to the big competitions a builder can enter, '''as of 2026''': what each one is, which classes it runs, when it happens, and how to get in. For the history of the big shows, see '''[[Robot Combat History and TV]]'''. To find smaller events near you, see '''[[Events]]''' and '''[[Local Groups]]'''.

''Schedules, fees and entry rules change every season. Everything here was checked in October 2026; always confirm on the official site before you book travel.''

__TOC__

==Quick comparison==
{| class="wikitable"
! Competition !! Where !! Classes (as of 2026) !! How you get in
|-
| '''NHRL Open''' || Norwalk, Connecticut, USA || 3 lb, 12 lb, 30 lb || Lottery registration about 8 weeks before each event
|-
| '''NHRL Pro Tour''' || Norwalk and New York City, USA || 3 lb, 12 lb, 30 lb || Invitation only, earned at NHRL Opens
|-
| '''BattleBots''' || Las Vegas, Nevada, USA || 250 lb || Design application, then selection
|-
| '''Robot Combat League Championship''' || Changes each year (USA) || 150 g to 30 lb || Invitation, based on national rankings
|-
| '''RoboGames''' || San Francisco Bay Area, USA || Many, 150 g to 250 lb || Open entry (no 2026 event announced)
|-
| '''RoboCore (RCX, RSM)''' || São Paulo state, Brazil || 150 g to 60 lb || Online registration
|-
| '''Robot Rampage''' || Auckland, New Zealand || Featherweights (13.6 kg) and others || Contact the organisers
|-
| '''UK live shows''' || Touring, UK || Mainly 110 kg heavyweights || Online application (Robots Live!) or contact the organisers
|}

==NHRL==
The '''National Havoc Robot League''' runs the biggest regular insect and mid-weight events in the world at its venue, the '''House of Havoc''' in Norwalk, Connecticut. Events are livestreamed, pay cash prizes, and draw builders from around the world.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=New_Builder_Guide]

===Classes and season===
* NHRL runs three classes: '''[[Beetleweight|3 lb]]''', '''[[Hobbyweight|12 lb]]''' and '''[[Featherweight|30 lb]]'''.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=NHRL_Rules] It doesn't run 150 g or 1 lb.
* '''NHRL Opens''' are held most months at the House of Havoc. The 2026 calendar listed Opens in February, March, April, May, June and October.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=2026_Registration_calendar]
* '''NHRL XP''' is a separate 3 lb tournament run on the same day as the Open, for newer and more casual competitors. As of 2026, NHRL favours experienced competitors for the 3 lb Open and encourages newer builders to start in XP. Competitors earn XP points for results and become eligible for the Open at 10,000 XP.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=Registration_at_NHRL]
* As of 2026, the caps are 80 bots for the 3 lb Open, 16 for 3 lb XP, and 32 each for 12 lb and 30 lb.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=Registration_at_NHRL]
* Bots that reach the semifinals at a Norwalk tournament qualify for the '''World Championships''' in December.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=NHRL_Rules]
* In 2026, an Open winner in any class got $1,000 and second place $400.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=New_Builder_Guide]

===NHRL Pro Tour===
NHRL launched the '''Pro Tour''' in 2026: three invite-only events ending in the '''Pro World Championships''' in December. The first was in Norwalk on 16 May 2026 and the second at Terminal 5 in New York City on 12 September 2026.[https://www.nhrl.io/about-pro-tour-2026][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Havoc_Robot_League]
* There's '''no public registration'''. You earn an invitation by reaching a quarterfinal fight at an NHRL Open, and NHRL fills the rest of the field with wild cards.[https://www.nhrl.io/about-pro-tour-2026]
* Each event has 16 bots per class. Groups of four fight a round robin, then the top bots move into a single-elimination bracket. NHRL says up to $30,000 in prizes is paid at each event.
* The Pro Tour uses the same rules and judging criteria as the Opens.
* Pro Tour and World Championship events stream free on DAZN under a multi-year deal signed in May 2026.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Havoc_Robot_League]

===How to register===
# Join the NHRL mailing list and Discord so you see when registration opens (both are linked from the '''[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=New_Builder_Guide New Builder Guide]''').
# Enter your details and your bot's details in the '''[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=NHRL_Registration_Hub NHRL Registration Hub]'''. You can do this at any time.
# About 8 weeks before an event, the lottery opens for one week. It doesn't matter when in that week you enter. Selections are announced about 6 weeks before the event.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=Registration_at_NHRL]
# Pay the '''$75 deposit''' when you register. You get it back if you make your first fight, or if you're waitlisted and not picked. You lose it if you drop out.
* Builders in good standing can also '''reserve''' one event per class each season, which helps if you're travelling a long way.
* Dropping out or forfeiting your first fights hurts your chances of selection at later events, so only register if you're sure you can go.

===How NHRL rules differ from SPARC===
NHRL writes its '''[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=NHRL_Rules own rulebook]''' (the "NHRL Open Rules – 2026") instead of using the '''[[SPARC]]''' documents. If you've built to SPARC rules, check these points in particular:[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=NHRL_Rules]
* '''Weight bonuses:''' NHRL has two locomotion categories: non-traditional locomotion (+50%) and "true walkers" (+100%). True walkers need approval before you register. SPARC instead has separate shuffler, non-traditional and walker bonuses (see '''[[Multibots, Walkers and Shufflers]]''').
* '''Weigh-ins:''' bots are weighed before every fight, not just at inspection. Being up to 2.5 oz over gives a TKO point; more than that is an immediate TKO.
* '''TKO points:''' referees and staff hand out TKO points for things like false starts. Three at one event means a technical knockout.
* '''Removable links:''' 3 lb bots can use the battery connector as the link, but 12 lb and 30 lb bots need a dedicated removable link.
* '''Hazard bots''' (pneumatics, hydraulics, flame, combustion and so on) must be emailed to NHRL safety at least 3 weeks before the event.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=New_Builder_Guide]
* Matches are 3 minutes, the same as SPARC's standard length (see '''[[SPARC Match Rules]]''').

See '''[[Pit Kit and Event Checklist#NHRL|Pit Kit and Event Checklist]]''' for what to bring. Many builders suggest a few local events first, because the level at NHRL is very high.

==BattleBots==
'''[https://battlebots.com/ BattleBots]''' is the best-known robot combat show. It's a '''250 lb heavyweight''' event (250.0 lb ready to fight, with no minimum weight).[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/BattleBots-Design-Rules-Rev.-2027.01.pdf] In 2026 it ran the '''[https://battlebots.com/proleague/ BattleBots Pro League]''': 24 robots in a group stage and knockout format, streamed in 20 episodes on the BattleBots YouTube channel. It also runs a daily live show, '''Destruct-A-Thon''', in Las Vegas.[https://battlebots.com/proleague/]

===How to apply===
This is the process BattleBots describes on its own site. BattleBots says only a small percentage of applications are chosen each season.[https://book.battlebots.com/]
* '''Apply with a design, not a robot.''' Applications go through the '''[https://book.battlebots.com/ BattleBook]''' portal. BattleBots asks you to design a robot and '''not''' build it until you've been accepted.[https://book.battlebots.com/]
* An application includes technical details, a technical drawing, photo-realistic renderings, biographical information and a team video.[https://battlebots.com/rules/]
* Once your application is "Cleared to Continue", you can choose which upcoming '''Proving Ground''' dates and tournaments you're available for. At Proving Ground you fight in the real BattleBox in Las Vegas, in front of a live audience and the selection committee.[https://book.battlebots.com/]
* The '''[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/How-to-get-on-BattleBots.pdf How to Get on BattleBots]''' guide says the selection committee wants a robot that fights well, looks great and is original, plus a strong team with a top driver. BattleBots can reject any application without giving a reason.
* As of October 2026, the Pro League page has an "Apply to Pro League 2027" link. Draft '''2027 rules''' (version 2027.01, 1 October 2026) and a summary of the changes are on the '''[https://battlebots.com/rules/ rules page]'''. One change is that minibots are no longer allowed.[https://battlebots.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Battlebots-Summary-of-2027-Rules-Updates.pdf] Some older BattleBots pages still mention past seasons, so go by the newest documents.

BattleBots' own '''[https://battlebots.com/build/ build page]''' advises new builders to start small at local events and work up. See also '''[[Heavyweight]]'''.

==Robot Combat League Championship==
The '''[[Robot Combat League]]''' ranks robots from hundreds of independent US local events and invites the top-ranked robots to an annual '''National Championship'''. As of 2026, it ranks 150 g, 1 lb, 1 lb plastic, 3 lb, 12 lb, 30 lb and 30 lb Sportsman.[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/league_faq]
* '''Season:''' 1 March to the end of February. A robot's score comes from its best three events.
* '''Getting in:''' you don't register for the championship. Compete at ranked events and invitations go to the top of the '''[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/types?year=2026 rankings on RobotCombatEvents.com]'''.
* The 2026 championship was scheduled for 19–21 June 2026 at the Salt Palace in Salt Lake City.[https://robotcombatleague.net/]
* If an event's results are missing from the rankings, ask the event organiser. They decide whether results are included.

==RoboGames==
'''[http://robogames.net/ RoboGames]''' is a long-running open robot competition in the San Francisco Bay Area, with combat alongside dozens of non-combat events. Its 20th edition was held on 18–21 April 2024 at the San Jose Convention Center, alongside the 2024 RCL Championship. As of October 2026, its site lists the next event as "to be announced".[http://robogames.net/][https://www.robotcombatevents.com/events/1250] Check the site before you plan around it.

==UK==
* '''Robot Wars''' hasn't been on air since its BBC revival ended in January 2018. The Robot Wars live shows were renamed Extreme Robots in 2017.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Wars_(TV_series)]
* '''Live shows:''' '''[https://www.extremerobots.co.uk/tickets Extreme Robots]''' tours the UK with 110 kg heavyweights. Its 2026 dates included "The Championship" in Gloucester on 14–15 November 2026, and it lists more shows for 2027. '''[https://www.robotslive.co.uk/ Robots Live!]''' runs heavyweight competitions and featherweight melees, and takes applications through an '''[https://www.robotsliveshow.com/mechapply online form]'''. Its 2026 application form listed shows in Maidenhead, Crawley and Stoke.[https://www.robotsliveshow.com/mechapply]
* '''FRA events:''' most UK events follow the '''[http://www.fightingrobots.co.uk/ Fighting Robots Association]''' build rules, with 150 g antweights, 1.5 kg beetleweights and 13.6 kg featherweights (see '''[[Rules]]''').
* '''Antweight World Series (AWS):''' the long-running UK 150 g event. AWS 79 was listed for 22 November 2026 near Bristol.[https://www.rampagebots.co.uk/events]
* '''Robodojo''' (near York) listed a '''2026 UK Hobbyweight Championship''' and a Sportsman Featherweight League for November 2026.[https://www.rampagebots.co.uk/events]
* '''BuggleBots''' was a web series. Its site lists the 2018 and 2019 series and no later ones.[https://www.bugglebots.com/]
* Find UK and European events on the '''[https://www.rampagebots.co.uk/events Rampage]''' and '''[https://bristolbotbuilders.com/events/ Bristol Bot Builders]''' listings.

==Elsewhere in the world==
* '''Brazil – RoboCore:''' RoboCore runs large multi-category events, including '''RCX''' (RCX 2026 was 9–12 October 2026 at the Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia in São Paulo) and the '''RSM Challenge Internacional''' (April 2026, Mogi das Cruzes).[https://events.robocore.net/] RCX 2026 combat classes ran from 150 g fairyweight up to 60 lb (27.2 kg) lightweight, including plastic ants and 12 lb and 30 lb.[https://events.robocore.net/rcx-2026/entries] Register through the '''[https://events.robocore.net/ RoboCore Event Manager]'''. Online entries for RCX 2026 closed on 30 September 2026.[https://events.robocore.net/rcx-2026/]
* '''New Zealand – Robot Rampage:''' a live robot fighting show at its own venue in Auckland, with featherweight (13.6 kg) and heavyweight robots.[https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/14-10-2024/hot-new-hobby-alert-robot-fighting] It lists a "World Cup Warmup" for 28–29 November 2026 and a '''[https://www.robotrampage.co.nz/world-cup Robot Rampage World Cup]''' for country teams, planned for February 2027. Contact the organisers to enter.[https://www.robotrampage.co.nz/]
* '''NHRL links:''' NHRL has said it plans to give Pro Tour qualifying points and wild cards to winners of outside events such as RCX, RSM and Robot Rampage.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Havoc_Robot_League]
* '''Australia:''' the old '''[https://robowars.org/ Robowars Australia]''' site is now an archive, but it links to the current Robowars Australia Discord and city groups.
* '''China:''' TV competitions such as King of Bots have run since 2018 (see '''[[Robot Combat History and TV]]'''), but we couldn't find a verified open-entry route for overseas builders.

==University-focused events==
There's no single national intercollegiate championship. College teams mostly fight at open events, NHRL and each other's campus events (see '''[[Combat Robotics in Schools and Universities]]''').
* '''[https://robobrawl.illinois.edu/ Robobrawl]''' at the University of Illinois is held each year at the end of March (28–29 March in 2026). It runs 30 lb and 12 lb robots in a Swiss format, plus a 2v2 3 lb format, with university and hobbyist teams.[https://robobrawl.illinois.edu/]
* RobotCombatEvents.com publishes separate '''[https://www.robotcombatevents.com/types?tag=university&year=2026 university rankings]'''.
* High school teams have the '''National Robotics League''' (15 lb, its own rules), described on the schools page.

==Preparing for a big event==
* '''Watch the registration windows.''' Big events fill up and select entries weeks or months ahead: NHRL's lottery opens about 8 weeks before each event, and BattleBots selects from design applications. Join each event's mailing list or Discord.
* '''Read that event's rules, not just SPARC.''' Inspection at big events is stricter and may include powered tests in a test box, failsafe checks, weigh-ins before every fight and checks on your weapon lock and sharp-edge covers.[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=New_Builder_Guide] The most common reasons for failing are being overweight or not having a good weapon lock. Arrive already passing at home (see '''[[Failsafes]]''' and '''[[Weight Management]]''').
* '''Plan for repairs.''' Bring spares for everything likely to break and a plan to swap them quickly. See '''[[Repairs Between Matches]]''' and '''[[Pit Kit and Event Checklist]]'''.
* '''Shipping:''' some events accept shipped robots and tools. NHRL, for example, publishes '''[https://wiki.nhrl.io/wiki/index.php?title=Shipping_to_NHRL shipping instructions]'''. Lithium batteries are regulated as dangerous goods when shipped, especially by air, so check with your carrier before putting LiPos in a shipment.[https://www.iata.org/en/programs/cargo/dgr/lithium-batteries/]

===Flying with LiPos===
Airline rules for lithium batteries, as of 2026 (see '''[[LiPo Battery Safety#Travel|LiPo Battery Safety]]''' for more):
* '''Spare LiPos go in carry-on bags only''', never in checked bags. Protect each pack's terminals from short circuits, for example in its own LiPo bag or with taped connectors.[https://www.faa.gov/hazmat/packsafe/airline-passengers-and-batteries]
* Packs up to '''100 Wh''' are allowed. Packs from 101 to 160 Wh need airline approval, with a limit of two spares each. Packs over 160 Wh aren't allowed as passenger baggage.
* IATA's passenger guidance limits each passenger to '''20 spare batteries''' unless the airline approves more.[https://www.iata.org/contentassets/6fea26dd84d24b26a7a1fd5788561d6e/passenger-lithium-battery.pdf]
* A device with its battery installed can usually go in checked baggage only if it's fully switched off and protected from turning on. Many builders unplug or remove robot batteries and carry them as spares.
* Damaged or puffy packs can't fly at all.
* To work out watt-hours, multiply voltage by amp-hours. Most insect-class packs are far below 100 Wh (a 4S 1300 mAh pack is about 19 Wh).
* Airlines and countries can be stricter, so check your airline's rules before you fly.

==See also==
* '''[[Events]]''' and '''[[Local Groups]]''' – finding local events
* '''[[Robot Combat League]]''' – national rankings
* '''[[Robot Combat History and TV]]'''
* '''[[Rules]]''' and '''[[SPARC]]'''
* '''[[Pit Kit and Event Checklist]]''' and '''[[Repairs Between Matches]]'''
* '''[[LiPo Battery Safety]]''' and '''[[Safety]]'''
* '''[[Beetleweight]]''', '''[[Hobbyweight]]''', '''[[Featherweight]]''' and '''[[Heavyweight]]'''