Radios

Dual-stick transmitter

Combat robots usually use R/C hobby radio equipment.[1] This includes:

• A transmitter (Tx), the part that the driver/operator of the bot holds. It sends your instructions to the robot.
• A receiver (Rx) module in the robot to receive your instructions and operate the devices on the bot.
  • The receiver module has multiple outputs to connect to those devices. The standard device is a servomotor (servo) for moving things. You can also use adapters, such as ESCs, to make outputs for turning things (like wheels).
  • There are combination Rx and ESC available for building small bots and other RC devices.

Many transmitters only work with a few models of receiver. The receiver must be bound (paired) with the transmitter for them to communicate. Most transmitters sold today can be set up to bind to multiple devices, so a single one can operate multiple robots, one at a time.

Follow directions to safely switch on or off your radio equipment without accidentally activating your robot’s devices.

Choosing a Radio

Pistol transmitter

When choosing a radio there are many things to consider but there are three fundamental things that will drive your choice.

• Safety: Runaway robots can be dangerous, so it is critical that your radio system properly handles what is known as a Failsafe situation. When the robot loses signal from the transmitter, the receiver must stop all movement and turn off weapons. (Many events require that the radio be turned off while people are in the arena to insure that the robot isn't moved accidentally by a person.) Not all radios have a failsafe feature, and many must be set up or programmed for the correct behavior. For instance, aircraft receivers may continue flying or attempt to land if the transmitter signal is lost.
• Form factor: You may have a preference on the form factor of your radio transmitter. The pistol-grip types have a throttle trigger and steering wheel, and may be easier to learn, though some people feel they lack fine control. Dual-stick radios are generally the most flexible and often have switches which can be programmed for special operations. Transmitters in the shape of game controllers are increasingly common; you may find this type to be more familiar to operate, and the controls may require very short movements. With time and enough practice, the differences between types may become insignificant. See also: Using Pistol Grip Transmitters with Robot Speed Controllers
• Functionality: Each robot's requirements are different. A simple wedge robot may only need two channels with a third channel enabling a weapon, but some robot designs need even more channels or other radio programming features. If your ESC doesn't have built-in mixing you'll need to find a radio that can do tank-steering Mixing. See also: Combat Robot Radio Systems - what functions do you actually need?

If you are looking to purchase a radio, take a look at the list of radios that are known to be suitable for robot combat.

Common problems

Since the radio receiver passes signals to the robot's Electronic Speed Controllers to drive the robot's functions, it can sometimes be difficult to determine if the problem is with the radio or the ESC. To make troubleshooting easier, solutions to common problems that affect the whole system are described here.

Team Run Amok's Ask Aaron site is a good resource for additional information and troubleshooting.

This section needs additional details.

• Failsafe: What does your receiver do when it loses its signal? Some inexpensive radio systems will act unpredictably with signal loss, while other systems will continue on with their last good signal until they can reconnect. This 'continue' behavior can be useful for some RC systems but can be dangerous for robot combat. Check out the radio list for systems that can be set up to failsafe appropriately. If your radio system can't failsafe then most events will not allow it, especially for bots that have active weapons. It's important to remember that often the radio defaults will not work correctly and you will need to adjust them.
• Signal Loss / Intermittent Control: This problem is less common now, but if your receiver antenna is entirely within a metal robot chassis, or near a source of electrical noise, your bot may have trouble receiving your commands. Position the antenna close to the exterior of the robot, or provide a patch of UHMW or Lexan armor over an opening in the metal armor, with the antenna just inside. On some bots you could even have the antenna protrude from the body.
• Not Binding / Connecting:
• Compatibility: There are several radio protocols and some specific radio-brand differences which make even Rx and Tx combos on the same protocol incompatible. Your only real option in these situations is to find a receiver that is compatible.
• Too Responsive: Most radios have settings that can be adjusted to set the robots responsiveness to where you want it. The two main settings are end-points and the exponential curve. Typically end-points are set to +/- 100% but they can be reduced to make full-position control on your transmitter result in reduced output on the bot. A common strategy is to reduce steering end-points to make controlling the robot easier, while keeping the throttle end-points at 100% so maximum speed isn't affected. The exponential curve setting is set to linear by default, which means that the signal set to the receiver is proportional to what you do on the transmitter. The curve can be adjusted to make it more (or less) responsive at the begining of the tranmitter control movement.
• Controls Reversed: The 'channel mixing' that allows a single transmitter stick to control forward/reverse motion as well as left/right rotation involves the coordination of multiple robot components. Errors in mixing set-up are common and may result in the robot failing to respond to stick inputs in the expected manner. These set-up errors can be difficult to identify and correct. The Team Run Amok Mixer Fixer will sort out your response symptoms and provide specific instructions to restore correct stick response.
• Only one motor responds:
• Robot hums or whines: The ESC neutral position and your radio's neutral position aren't always the same. Although some ESCs can be calibrated to set the neutral position, some don't have this functionality. When this mis-match happens, the robot doesn't get enough signal to move but will hum or whine. This can usually be fixed by adjusting the trim setting on the transmitter. It can take some fiddling to get the trim set properly, especially if both the throttle and steering trims need to be adjusted. Additionally, the issue can be worse with a freshly charged battery which can mean the robot will hum or whine when it is initially turned on, even after the trims have been adjusted.
• Robot won't stop moving: Similar to the Robot Hums or Whines problem, this problem happens when the neutral point on your radio is misaligned with the neutral point on your ESC. Adjust the throttle and steering trims to address the issue. You'll need to redo your fail-safe configuration after adjusting your trims to make the fail-safe work properly.

Radio features and their uses

If you decide to study all the features of a radio control system, you'll run into language peculiar to those hobbies. Here is a guide to some of the abilities and specs your transmitter and receiver may have, and how they might be useful in robot combat.

• Number of channels refers to the number of devices that can be operated remotely. Most modern radios have 6 or more, which is fine. A 3 channel truck transmitter might be adequate for a pusher bot only.
• Channel mixing can break out the motion of 1 stick into 2 motors, allowing 1-stick steering. See Radios/Mixing.
• Model memory stores a list of robots; they can all have different settings, and you can control any of them with one transmitter.
• Reversing means the transmitter can command motion in the opposite direction. Some transmitters can be programmed to reverse direction of motion with a switch; if your bot still moves while upside-down, flicking this switch lets you operate the bot with the same stick motions instead of with backwards motions.
• Trim adjusts the center point of controls. In particular, when a joystick is released and springs back to the center position, proper trim means that the Tx will send a neutral signal.
• Sub trim adjusts the center point of receiver outputs. You might need that to make sure ESCs shut off when the Tx sends a neutral signal, or to set a default weapon position.
• Dual rate (rate limit) lets you switch on or off a lower-speed, more sensitive motion mode. This could be used to set a speed limit on a "hot" high-speed bot, but still allow a skilled driver to access its maximum performance.
• End point adjust sometimes called 'ATV' or 'Travel Adjust' - sets travel maximums for a servo or limits an ESC speed output. Examples: can set the perfect level for the tip of the lifter to glide across the arena floor, or reduce a motor speed a bit to match the motor on the other side.
• Exponential rate (expo) changes the response curve of your joysticks. Changing from linear to exponential response could help you move or steer with precision using short joystick actions, with rapidly increasing speed the farther you push the joystick.
• Telemetry lets the transmitter receive data from the receiver, and display it or give an audio signal. The most advanced combat robots report things like battery status, overheating parts, electronic overload, and other useful info from the bot to help the team shape their strategy during a fight.
• Trainer features let you link two transmitters together. This was originally designed to allow for a pilot and an instructor to share the task of flying aircraft. In combat robotics, the trainer feature can be used to let two people control a bot with different roles (e.g., driver & weapon) using two transmitters. (While some bot teams use trainer features, others have two or more separate, non-linked sets of transmitters and receivers for the same purpose.)

Programming a radio

• Programming the FlySky FS-i6 Transmitter for Combat Robotics

• Programming the Taranis Q X7 Transmitter for Combat Robotics